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Questions and Answers
What term describes a change occurring within a lineage?
What term describes a change occurring within a lineage?
- Cladogenesis
- Homology
- Anagenesis (correct)
- Clade
Which option best describes an apomorphy?
Which option best describes an apomorphy?
- A shared trait among multiple descendants
- A primitive character state
- A derived or specialized character (correct)
- A characteristic serving no evolutionary purpose
What is the purpose of bootstrapping in phylogenetic analysis?
What is the purpose of bootstrapping in phylogenetic analysis?
- To identify the ancestral state of a clade
- To create a complete phylogenetic tree
- To evaluate the reliability of a branching pattern (correct)
- To determine the evolutionary age of a lineage
Which of the following best describes a clade?
Which of the following best describes a clade?
What is an autapomorphy?
What is an autapomorphy?
Which concept refers to the independent acquisition of similar characteristics from different ancestors?
Which concept refers to the independent acquisition of similar characteristics from different ancestors?
What do homologous characters indicate about species?
What do homologous characters indicate about species?
Which statement is true regarding derived states?
Which statement is true regarding derived states?
What is the maximum size of placozoans observed in laboratory culture?
What is the maximum size of placozoans observed in laboratory culture?
Which characteristic is NOT true about placozoans?
Which characteristic is NOT true about placozoans?
What distinguishes the ventral layer of placozoans?
What distinguishes the ventral layer of placozoans?
What type of digestion do placozoans utilize?
What type of digestion do placozoans utilize?
Which method of reproduction is observed in placozoans?
Which method of reproduction is observed in placozoans?
Which aspect of placozoans' cellular structure is unique compared to sponges?
Which aspect of placozoans' cellular structure is unique compared to sponges?
Genetic evidence places placozoans at which position in the metazoan lineage?
Genetic evidence places placozoans at which position in the metazoan lineage?
What is a notable feature observed in the upper layer of placozoans?
What is a notable feature observed in the upper layer of placozoans?
Which phylum includes a highly diverse group of parasites largely restricted to invertebrate hosts?
Which phylum includes a highly diverse group of parasites largely restricted to invertebrate hosts?
What is unique about the mitochondrial cristae in the Rhizaria group?
What is unique about the mitochondrial cristae in the Rhizaria group?
Which of the following is NOT a feature of foraminiferans?
Which of the following is NOT a feature of foraminiferans?
Which phylum is characterized by organisms possessing radiating microtubular supports known as axopodia?
Which phylum is characterized by organisms possessing radiating microtubular supports known as axopodia?
What role do foraminiferans play in marine sediment?
What role do foraminiferans play in marine sediment?
Which dinoflagellate is recognized for its potential to produce harmful algal blooms?
Which dinoflagellate is recognized for its potential to produce harmful algal blooms?
Which statement about the ciliates is accurate?
Which statement about the ciliates is accurate?
How can the species composition of foraminiferan fossils be utilized?
How can the species composition of foraminiferan fossils be utilized?
What primarily differentiates the placozoan mitochondrial genome from other animal genomes?
What primarily differentiates the placozoan mitochondrial genome from other animal genomes?
Which of the following locomotion methods is NOT characteristic of protozoans?
Which of the following locomotion methods is NOT characteristic of protozoans?
Which reproductive method involves the exchange of genetic material between two organisms?
Which reproductive method involves the exchange of genetic material between two organisms?
What is the primary mode of nutrition for parasitic protozoans?
What is the primary mode of nutrition for parasitic protozoans?
What aspect of placozoan evolution suggests they may be simplified from a more complex ancestor?
What aspect of placozoan evolution suggests they may be simplified from a more complex ancestor?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of eukaryotic protists?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of eukaryotic protists?
What is the primary method of reproduction for most Foraminifera?
What is the primary method of reproduction for most Foraminifera?
Which group of protists uses pseudopodia for movement and feeding?
Which group of protists uses pseudopodia for movement and feeding?
What role do transcription factors and signaling genes play in the placozoan genome?
What role do transcription factors and signaling genes play in the placozoan genome?
Which characteristic is specific to Rhizaria?
Which characteristic is specific to Rhizaria?
Which of the following statements is true about phytoflagellates?
Which of the following statements is true about phytoflagellates?
What defines a eukaryotic organism?
What defines a eukaryotic organism?
Which of the following is NOT a function of pseudopodia?
Which of the following is NOT a function of pseudopodia?
What is the function of choanocytes in sponges?
What is the function of choanocytes in sponges?
Which group of protozoans is known to have a symbiotic lifestyle?
Which group of protozoans is known to have a symbiotic lifestyle?
What is the primary nutrition mode of zooflagellates?
What is the primary nutrition mode of zooflagellates?
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Study Notes
Key Terms in Evolutionary Biology
- Anagenesis: Change that occurs within a single lineage over time.
- Ancestral (Primitive) State: The original character state from which current members of a clade have evolved; also known as the plesiomorphic state.
- Apomorphy: A derived or specialized character that distinguishes a species.
- Autapomorphy: A unique derived character found in only one descendant of an ancestor, limiting its utility for inferring relationships.
- Bayesian Inference: A statistical method to assess the likelihood of a phylogenetic hypothesis being correct.
- Bootstrapping: A resampling technique used to test the reliability of phylogenetic tree branches, often involving 500-1,000 simulations to calculate bootstrap values.
Cladistics and Taxonomy
- Clade: A group of organisms that includes a common ancestor and all its descendants, defining a monophyletic group.
- Cladogenesis: The process by which a single lineage branches into two or more distinct lineages.
- Cladogram: A visual representation of branching sequences in evolution based on morphological or molecular changes.
- Derived State: A character that has been modified from its ancestral condition; referred to as the apomorphic state.
Evolutionary Relationships
- Homologous Characters: Features derived from a common ancestor, used to determine evolutionary relationships among species; basis of homology.
- Homoplasy: The independent evolution of similar traits in different lineages, leading to false similarities in homology.
Protist Diversity
- Eukaryotic Organisms: Unicellular organisms, including a diverse array of autotrophic and heterotrophic types, classified under various phyla.
Major Groups of Protists
- Amoeboid Protozoans: Use pseudopodia for movement and feeding; include free-living and shell-bearing species.
- Rhizaria: Characterized by filamentous pseudopodia; include Radiolarians and Foraminifera, mostly found in marine environments.
- Flagellated Protozoans: Divided into phytoflagellates (autotrophic) and zooflagellates (heterotrophic), with diverse habitats and reproductive strategies.
Locomotion and Reproduction in Protozoans
- Flagella: Long, whip-like structures for swimming; common in flagellates.
- Cilia: Short, hair-like appendages that beat in unison for movement; prevalent in ciliates.
- Pseudopodia: Temporary extensions for movement and feeding, primarily used by amoeboid protozoans.
- Asexual Reproduction: Common methods include binary fission and budding; sexual reproduction occurs via conjugation in ciliates.
Phylum Characteristics
- Porifera (Sponges): Simplest multicellular animals; lack true tissues; primarily marine; filter-feeding through water circulation facilitated by specialized cells like choanocytes.
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