Homicide and Murder: Canadian Law Overview
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Questions and Answers

What was the main illegal activity associated with Madoff Investment Securities?

  • Tax evasion
  • Ponzi scheme (correct)
  • Wage theft
  • Bribery

    • Walmart was fined $24 million for wage theft in 2012.

    False

    What theory suggests that a person's behavior is influenced by the people they associate with?

    Differential association

    According to Gabrial Tarde's Imitation Theory, the law of __________ states that new behaviors gradually replace older ones.

    <p>insertion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of sanctions with their descriptions:

    <p>Formal sanction = Arrest or legal penalties Informal sanction = Social judgment or disapproval Direct sanction = Immediate punishment from authority Indirect sanction = Social disapproval from peers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of containment as described by Ivan Nye?

    <p>Environmental containment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Subterranean values are mainstream values that people act on in society.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes a person who sells stolen goods?

    <p>Fence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum sentence for manslaughter?

    <p>Life sentence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Infanticide has a maximum sentence of 10 years.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of trials may result in acquittal due to trial errors?

    <p>20-25%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A primary contributor for being a victim of cybercrime is the lack of __________.

    <p>target guardianship</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following crime types with their definitions:

    <p>Burglary = Lack of person-person confrontation Fraud = Unlawful use of deception Theft = Does not involve use or threat of force Cybercrime = Fraud, harassment, and intimidation in digital spaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following men reinforced the importance of mens rea in criminal law?

    <p>VallanCourt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    White collar crime only refers to crimes committed by large corporations.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the crime committed by Edward Sutherland known as?

    <p>White Collar Crime</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The description of a crime committed by a respectable person in the course of their work is known as __________.

    <p>White Collar Crime</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of all homicides in Canada are attributed to social disputes?

    <p>80%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory suggests that the characteristics of the offender and victim may share similarities?

    <p>Lifestyle Model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Victimology is a well-established sub-discipline of criminology that has been around for over a century.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is recognized as the 'father' of victimology?

    <p>Benjamin Mendelsohn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ Act in 2015 outlined the rights of victims in Canada.

    <p>Victims Bill of Rights</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following victim characteristics with their descriptions:

    <p>Age = Young people are more likely to be victimized Gender = Women are more frequently victims of sexual assault Race/Ethnicity = Indigenous women and black individuals face higher street checks Victim Precipitation = Some individuals may inadvertently make themselves targets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors is NOT one of the three components of Routine Activity Theory?

    <p>Victim's choice of lifestyle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Secondary victimization refers to supportive actions taken by service providers after a crime.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a Victim Impact Statement?

    <p>It is a statement read in court about how the crime has affected the victim.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant factor differentiating women's pathways to prison compared to men's?

    <p>Social necessity and trauma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The actual rate of sexual assault is significantly lower than reported rates.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of community policing?

    <p>Prevention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bill C-49 redefined consent and restricted the defense of __________ belief.

    <p>mistaken</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Battered Women Syndrome = Explains women's criminal behavior as a reaction to male violence Domestic Violence = Abuse occurring in intimate relationships Community Policing = Policing strategy focused on establishing relationships with the community High-Risk Offenders = Partners who pose severe threats due to escalating violence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of Robert Peel's principles of policing?

    <p>Police should operate in isolation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The 1983 rape legislation shifted its focus from violence to consent.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one primary issue women face in prison as mentioned in the content.

    <p>Mental health issues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Domestic violence affects fully one third of women in __________.

    <p>Canada</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statistic relates directly to determining high-risk offenders?

    <p>Level of violence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Homicide, Violent, Property & Cyber Crime

    • Degrees of Murder:

      • First-degree murder carries a life sentence, with no possibility of parole. A "dangerous offender" label prevents parole eligibility. 80% of Canadian homicides result from social disputes.
      • Second-degree murder carries a life sentence with a minimum 10-year parole ineligibility period.
      • Manslaughter can result in life or no jail time.
      • Infanticide carries a maximum five-year sentence, often suspended. Access to healthcare and mental health services is paramount.

    • Defenses Against Murder Charges:

      • Mistake of fact, insanity, provocation, and compulsion are potential defenses.

    • Acquittal (Innocence):

      • 20-25% of trials result in acquittals, often due to trial errors. The Beaver decision, for example, was about evidence handling and trust among trial participants.

    • Mens Rea (Criminal Intent):

      • Court decisions, like the Vallance case, emphasize the importance of criminal intent in murder cases.

    • Trends in Canadian Homicide Rates:

      • Rates have generally declined since 1975. Newfoundland and its surrounding provinces have historically lower rates compared to the rest of Canada.
      • Half of homicides occur during unrelated offenses.

    • Property Crime:

      • 70% of non-violent crimes involve property. Examples include breaking and entering without confrontations, fraud, identity theft, unauthorized use of deception, theft, and vehicle crime.

    • Cybercrime:

      • Cybercrimes are categorized under existing criminal code offenses such as fraud and harassment.
      • An estimated 5-10 billion dollars worth of damage occurs yearly due to identity theft.
      • Lack of security software, common sense, and awareness of surroundings are major contributing factors.

    White Collar Crime/Corporate Crime

    • White Collar vs Corporate Crime:

      • Corporate crime is large-scale, involving businesses, whereas white-collar crime is associated with individuals of high social standing in their professions or occupations.
      • Laws designed to address these crimes are often poorly enforced.

    • Neutralization Theory:

      • Criminals may temporarily override acceptable values or morals to commit illegal acts.

    • Corporate Crime Causes:

      • External factors, such as government policies and consumer demands, can contribute.
      • Internal factors, like company structure, can also be a part of criminal activities.

    • Stress/Strain Theory:

      • This suggests that stress plays a role in motivating crimes in corporate settings.

    • Bernie Madoff Case:

      • The Ponzi scheme, a fraudulent investment strategy, highlighted systemic problems in corporate fraud prevention in 2008.

    • Walmart Case (Bribery):

      • Walmart allegedly paid $24 million in bribes for construction permits in Mexico in 2012, highlighting the potential for corporate crimes.

    • Labelling Theory/Social Process:

      • A criminal's actions/past history and interactions with society affect who becomes a criminal. Fences are criminals who buy and sell stolen goods.

    Victims of Crime

    • Victimology:

      • The study of the relationship between victims and criminal acts.
      • Police departments are incorporating new victim services, but this is a relatively new aspect of the criminal justice system (~1990s).

    • Victim Characteristics:

      • Age, gender, and race/ethnicity all play a role in the likelihood of a victim of crime.

    • Repeat Victimization:

      • Victims of past criminal acts are more likely to become victims again.

    • Secondary Victimization:

      • Involves uncaring or insensitive responses to the experiences of victims in the court system. This can lead victims to refuse further assistance.

    • Theoretical Models:

      • Lifestyle models, proximity hypothesis, deviant place hypothesis and routine activity theory help in understanding patterns of victimization.

    Women and Crime

    • Gender and Crime:

      • Women's experiences as criminals and victims are historically underestimated or misunderstood.

    • Gender Responsiveness Plans:

      • These action plans are designed to address the distinctive needs and particular circumstances of women involved in the criminal justice system in the broader sense.

    • Gender-specific Treatment:

      • Important considerations for treating women involved in the crime system include issues like parenting, clothing, and nutritional needs.

    • Sexual Assault:

      • The actual rate of sexual assault is significantly higher than reported statistics suggest (UCR, GSS).

    • Domestic Violence:

      • Domestic abuse affects women in Canada, notably.

    • Bill C-49:

      • Legislation focused on defining consent standards to avoid misunderstandings.

    Community Policing and Next Steps

    • Policing Principles:

      • Building positive police-community relations is foundational, especially regarding prevention through community engagement.

    • Community Policing:

      • The six principles of Robert Peel (1829), such as ensuring community trust, are essential in community policing strategies.

    • Problem-Oriented Policing:

      • A series of steps to address specific community issues in policing. Such as scanning, analysis, response, and assessment.

    • Foot Patrols:

      • Studies suggest that foot patrols positively impact community perception and trust among communities.

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    SOCI 250 Exam Review PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers the degrees of murder under Canadian law, including first-degree, second-degree, manslaughter, and infanticide. It also explores potential defenses against murder charges and the concept of mens rea in criminal cases. Test your knowledge of homicide laws and their applications in the Canadian legal system.

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