SOCI 250 Exam Review PDF

Homicide; Violent, property & cyber crime Degrees of Murder: 1st degree Life sentence → 25 years, possibility of parole, parole = life ​ Dangerous Offender Label: can never apply for parole ○​ 80% of all homicides in canada are due to some kind of social dispute 2nd degree: life sent...

Homicide; Violent, property & cyber crime Degrees of Murder: 1st degree Life sentence → 25 years, possibility of parole, parole = life ​ Dangerous Offender Label: can never apply for parole ○​ 80% of all homicides in canada are due to some kind of social dispute 2nd degree: life sentence, minimum 10 years before available for parole Manslaughter: can be life sentence, can be no jail time, ​ 60-65% conviction rate InfantIcide: max sentance 5 yrs → overwhelmingly suspended ​ Given access to healthcare, mental health services, archaic category Defences against conviction of murder: Mistake of fact, insanity, provocation, compulsion Acquittal = Innocence ​ 20-25% of trials → often due to trial errors Beaver Decision: case law, didn't know package friend asked him to deliver has heroin in it, reasonable person would trust a friend ​ Mens Rea in criminal law VallanCourt Decision: man thought his partner took bullets out of gun: sentenced ​ Reinforced the importance of mens rea in criminal law & Shrank definition of murder Trends in CAN Homicide rates: generally declined steadily since 1975 ​ Newfoundland (&Martime) have lowest rates ​ ⅓ of homicides are committed during another offence Property Crime: most common, 70% of all non-violent crimes ​ Types: B&E lack of person-person confrontation, Fraud and identity theft, unlawful use of deception to obtain something, eg person info, Theft, does not involve use or threat of force, motor vehicle crime theft from or of a vehicle Cybercrime: ​ most cybercrime falls under general categories of already existing criminal code offences ○​ fraud, harassment, intimidation etc ○​ 5-10 billion/year, An identity is stolen every 3 seconds Target Guardianship: Lack of is primary contributor for being a victim of cybercrime ​ Security software, common sense, no click on embedded adresse, aware of surroundings White Collar Crime/Corporate White Collar VS Corporate Crime ​ Corporate is big scale and includes businesses, not one person ​ White collar is smaller scale and individual Edward Sutherland → White Collar Crime = a crime committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of his occupation Laws designed to prohibit these types of primes are poorly enforced and ineffective deterrents ​ Most forms of white collar crime are dealt with as fraud or embezzlement Neutralization Theory: Sykes and Matza ​ How criminals can temporarily overcome or neutralize internal values that would otherwise prevent them from committing illegal acts Causes of Corporate crimes: external and internal ​ External: governmental practices, consumer trends, capitalism, strain ​ Internal: how business is structures Stress/Strain: Keane ​ Theory suggests that stress is one of the underlying themes of most explanations of corporate crime Bernie Madoff: Operated Bernard L. Madoff Investment Securities = PONZI SCHEME 2008 ​ M promised consistent high returns, con artist uses money from other investors to return instead of making legit earnings, Ponzi requires constant money flow to survive Walmart: bribery to obtain construction permits 2012 ​ Allegedly paid $24million to bribe Mexican government → Eventually paid $282 million in fines $652 Million class action Lawsuit: for wage theft and labour law violations, remains one of the largest labour-related settlements in US history Labelling theory & social process explanations Fence: a criminal who buys then sells stolen goods ​ Need: upfront cash, knowledge of dealing, connection to suppliers and buyers Gabrial Tarde: Imitation Theory 1890: laws describe how social trends or cultural changes occur through imitation ​ Law of close contact: environment and by association ○​ Family members or friend influence behaviour more than strangers ​ Law of immigration of superior by inferior: role models ○​ Ex; a community might adopt the fashion of a public figure ​ Law of insertion: new behaviours or ideas replace older olds, gradually ○​ Ex; smartphones replaces flip phones, slowly Differential association: sutherland 1947 ​ The type of behavior a person leads depends of the people they associate with → not learned through inherent traits Containments ​ Personal: self-control mechanisms created thought socialization ​ Social: imposed controls of family, school, popular culture, religion Ivan Nye: outer containants, ​ internal, indirect (informal sanctioning, social judgement), direct (formal, arrest etc), external (need to feel loved belonging) SOCIAL PROCESS: idea that everything is environmentally factored (guilt central) Sykes and Matza: neutralization ​ Denial of responsibility, denial of injury, denial of victim, Appeal to higher loyalties, Condemnation of the condemners Drift: can drift in and out of their commitment to deviance, criminal behaviour can be episodic Subterranean values: values held that are not “mainstream” but people may act on in certain sits. Labelling theory: hoodie vs Kangaroo jacket, social constructivism Cesare Lombroso: Criminaloids = criminality is a product of social conditions/they way people are treated Frank Tannenbaum → crime and community ​ TAGGING: the people becomes the thing he is described as being Master STATUS = #1 thing a person wants to be considered (eg musician, student etc) ​ Criminal becomes the master status, spoiled identity Christopher UGGEN: stickiness of the label Victims of crime Victimology: the relationship between victims and the criminal event ​ New sub-discipline of criminology ~50 years ​ Police: having victim services, very new 1990s, 1985: declaration of basic principles of justice for victims of crime and abuse of power Benjamin Mendelsohn: first recognized the importance of the victim (“father” of victimology) Federally: Victims Bill of Rights Act (2015) ​ The Right to: Information, protection, participation, restitution ​ Info; victim doesn't usually get the info but their attorney does Victim Impact Statement: read out in court ​ How has the crime impacted the victim ○​ Fear, money, taking time off work etc Community Policing; left and right agree but differ in ideas of level of engagement Victim Characteristics: Age, gender, race/ethnicity ​ Young people more likely to be victimized, correlation between lifestyle age and V ​ Women more likely to be victimized, women > SA, men > robbed ​ Indigenous women and black people more likely to be street checked Repeat Victimization: best predictor for future victimization is past victimization Victim Precipitation: theory that some people make themselves targets for victimization Secondary Victimization: refers to insensitive, victim-blaming, trauma compousing attitudes ​ Leads to a reluctance among victims to trust the service provider or seek further help Theoretical models and victim typologies Lifestyle Model: people have a greater risk of being victims of crime due to habits and patterns ​ Equivalent groups hypothesis: the offender and victim share certain characteristics ​ Proximity hypothesis: people place themselves at risk by choosing a high-risk lifestyle ​ Deviant place hypothesis: some areas are more conducive to criminality than others Routine Activity theory: victimization increase when there is ​ The presence of a motivated offender or offenders ​ An availability of suitable targets ​ The absence of capable guardians Women and crime Women’s experiences as criminals and victims have historically been ignored; why? ​ Most of crime committed by men, ~85% If women commit crimes or are victims they are either considered bad or mad ​ Battered Women syndrome: constructed so we don't look at root cause = men Washington State Corrections Centre for Women ​ Gender Responsiveness action plan ○​ Patricia Van Voorhis, U of Cincinnati ○​ Big difference due to Children ○​ Women find their way to prison through very different paths: social necessity and defence, trauma, influence ○​ Women have more mental health issues in prison Gender specific treatment of female prisoners ​ Dealing with being a parent ​ Clothes, nutrition, leisure Elizabeth Comack → coming back to jail, 2018 (1999) ​ Trauma is a lived experience ​ Is it not pathological illness ​ Focus needs to be on the social conditions that produce the trauma that bring women into contact with the CJS Sexual assault: actual rate is 15-25X higher than reported rate (UCR, GSS) Domestic Violence ​ Fully one third of women in canada are abused by their partners ​ Not just spouse but also girl/boyfriends, just means longer term relationships POST 1983 Rape legislation: ​ shifted from sex to violence ​ Provided for spousal rape ​ Degendered the law Bill C-49 (STRUCTURAL CHANGE) ​ Defined consent, ​ Defined situations where there is no consent, Drunk, Changed mind, Duress ​ Restricts the defence of “mistaken belief” ​ Limits the admissibility of evidence (asking victim about sexual history) Seaboier: didn't get to cross examine witness, didn't get a fair trial, appeals this and wins appeal Community Policing and next steps Domestic Violence and Elder Abuse Unit → VPD ​ Relatively new unit ​ Intimate partner violence Determining High Risk ​ Level of violence (lethality) ​ Severity of injuries ​ Increasing level of violence ​ Degree of marginalisation ​ High risk offenders (is the partner) Robert Peel: originator of modern policing ​ Peace preservation force (PPF) ​ The london metropolitan police 1829 (bc of his success ^) Policing principles of Robert Peel ​ 6 principles ​ 6th: the police and the public and the public are the police ○​ Social relationship, trust, ○​ the way to ensure trust, put police in community, talking etc so if there is problem the community will tell them ​ Main goal of policing; prevention → not catching bad guys ​ Moving police into squad cars → broke community and police relationships ○​ Creates fear ○​ Increased police abuse The Three parts of Community policing 1.​ Building community relationships 2.​ Problem oriented policing a.​ Scanning = what's the problem (community key informants) b.​ Analysis = how are we going to address ^, then take to community to get input c.​ Response = put it into work d.​ Assessment = with community, interactive 3.​ Foot patrols a.​ Studies suggest that: feelings of personal safety increase, calls for service reduced (due to increased feeling of S), officers feel safer (they know community) b.​ Don't: actually reduce crime rate, but reduces fear