Homeostasis and The Nervous System
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Questions and Answers

What is homeostasis?

Homeostasis is the regulation and maintenance of internal conditions.

What happens if body temperature is too high?

Blood vessels vasodilate and skin releases sweat.

What does CNS stand for, in the context of the nervous system?

Central Nervous System.

Describe the response mechanism.

<ul> <li>Stimuli detect change</li> <li>Impulses sent through sensory neurons to CNS</li> <li>Impulse is sent through relay neurone</li> <li>Motor neurone carries impulses to effector</li> <li>Effector responds</li> </ul> Signup and view all the answers

How do neurons communicate?

<p>Neurons communicate by synapses (gap between neurones)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the cerebral cortex?

<p>Consciousness, memory, and language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the cerebellum?

<p>Coordinates movement and balance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the medulla?

<p>Controls automatic actions like breathing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the front of the brain control?

<p>Controls higher mental functions like choice</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can the brain be mapped?

<p>MRI, studying people with brain damage, electrically stimulating parts of the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the iris?

<p>Controls the size of the pupil.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the retina contain?

<p>Contains light and color-sensitive receptor cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the optic nerve?

<p>The nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the sclera?

<p>Tough outer layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do Ciliary muscles and suspensory ligaments control?

<p>Control the shape of the lens</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define accommodation in the context of the eye.

<p>Changing lens shape to focus near/distant</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is myopia?

<p>Nearsightedness - light is focused in front. Lens becomes thicker. Concave lens</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the endocrine system?

<p>The glands that secrete hormones into the blood. Pituitary gland is the main gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is adrenaline?

<p>Adrenal glands in times of stress -trigger fight or flight</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is thyroxine?

<p>Thyroid gland to increase metabolic rate. Controls growth in young animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens if glucose is too high?

<p>Pancreas releases insulin. Causes more blood to go into cells. Glucose -&gt; glycogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Type 1 diabetes?

<p>Pancreas produces little or no insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Kidneys, in relation to water balance?

<p>Regulated by kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

What Urea?

<p>Waste product formed in the liver, by breaking down proteins that contain nitrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the role Amino acids in ammonia conversion.

<p>Converted into ammonia by deamination. Ammonia is immediately converted into urea</p> Signup and view all the answers

List the process of kidneys making urine?

<p>Filter blood Selective reabsorption of useful substances Leaves water, urea, and ions to form urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does ADH controls water level?

<p>If too concentrated, pituitary gland releases ADH. Makes tubules more permeable so more water is absorbed into blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is Kidneys failure treated?

<p>Treated by organ transplant or dialysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is made and what is the function of Testosterone?

<p>Made in testes and stimulates sperm production</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is FSH made and what is its function?

<p>Pituitary gland. Causes egg maturity. Produces oestrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is Oestrogen made and what is its function?

<p>Made in ovaries. Inhibits FSH, Stimulates LH. Causes uterus lining to grow</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is Progesterone made and what is its function?

<p>Made in empty follicle in ovaries. Maintains uterus lining. Inhibits LH and FSH</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is fertility reduced?

<p>Hormonal and non hormonal contraception</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is fertility increased?

<p>FSH and LH. In vitro fertilisation (IVF)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe how Gravitropism affects shoots and roots

<p>Shoots grow away. Roots grow toward</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes tropisms?

<p>Auxins</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name the functions of Gibberellins

<p>Seed germination, flowering, increased size</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name the functions of Ethene

<p>Ripening and cell division</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the method of the Effect of Light on Growth Required Practical

<ol> <li>take a number of small plastic boxes and make a hole on one side of each container, which is the same size.</li> <li>put some soil in the containers and plant 10 cress seeds in each.</li> <li>put a lid on each box.</li> <li>put the containers in even lighting with the holes pointing in different directions.</li> <li>water the soil and leave for several days.</li> <li>come back every day and record growth of cress.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

How are plant hormones are used?

<p>Weed killer, rooting powder, promoting growth in tissue culture</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Homeostasis

Regulation and maintenance of stable internal body conditions.

High body temperature response

Blood vessels widen (vasodilation) and sweat glands produce sweat to cool the body.

Low body temperature response

Blood vessels narrow (vasoconstriction), sweating stops, and shivering generates heat.

CNS

Central Nervous System: brain and spinal cord, which processes information.

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Response pathway

Stimulus -> Receptor -> Sensory Neuron -> CNS -> Relay Neuron -> Motor Neuron -> Effector -> Response.

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Synapse function

Neurons communicate across synapses, the gaps between nerve cells.

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Cerebral Cortex

Responsible for consciousness, memory, and language.

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Cerebellum

Coordinates movement and balance.

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Medulla oblongata

Controls automatic functions like breathing and heart rate.

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Frontal Lobe

Controls higher mental functions such as decision-making.

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Brain Mapping Techniques

MRI scans, studying brain damage, and electrical stimulation.

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Iris function

Controls the amount of light entering the eye.

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Retina function

Light-sensitive layer containing receptor cells (rods and cones).

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Optic Nerve function

Carries visual information from the retina to the brain.

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Sclera function

Tough, protective outer layer of the eye.

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Cornea function

Clear front surface of the eye that helps focus light.

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Ciliary Muscles & Suspensory Ligaments function

Control the shape of the lens to focus on near or distant objects.

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Accommodation (eye)

Changing the shape of the lens to focus on objects at different distances.

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Myopia

Nearsightedness; difficulty seeing distant objects clearly.

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Hyperopia

Farsightedness; difficulty seeing near objects clearly

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Endocrine System

Glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream.

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Adrenaline function

Hormone released in response to stress; triggers 'fight or flight'.

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Thyroxine function

Hormone that increases metabolic rate; controls growth in young animals.

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High Glucose Response

Pancreas releases insulin, causing glucose to move into cells and be stored as glycogen.

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Low Glucose Response

Pancreas releases glucagon, causing glycogen to be converted back into glucose.

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Type 1 Diabetes

The pancreas produces little or no insulin.

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Type 2 Diabetes

Cells become resistant to insulin.

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Water Balance

Regulated by the kidneys.

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Urea Origin

Waste product formed in the liver from the breakdown of excess amino acids.

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ADH function

Controls water reabsorption in the kidneys; released by Pituitary gland.

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Study Notes

  • Homeostasis is the regulation and maintenance of internal conditions within the body.

Body Temperature Regulation

  • If body temperature is too high, blood vessels vasodilate and the skin releases sweat.
  • If body temperature is too low, blood vessels constrict (vasoconstriction), sweating stops, and skeletal muscles contract (shiver).

Response Mechanism

  • Stimuli are detected, triggering a change.
  • Impulses are sent through sensory neurons to the central nervous system (CNS).
  • The impulse travels through a relay neuron.
  • A motor neuron carries the impulse to an effector.
  • The effector then produces a response.

The Nervous System

  • CNS is where information from receptors passes through.
  • Neurons communicate via synapses (gaps between neurons).

Brain Structure and Function

  • Cerebral cortex: controls consciousness, memory, and language
  • Cerebellum: coordinates movement and balance
  • Medulla: controls automatic actions like breathing
  • Front of brain: controls higher mental functions like choice

Brain Mapping Techniques

  • Brain mapping is achieved through MRI, studying individuals with brain damage, and electrically stimulating parts of the brain.

Eye Anatomy and Function

  • Iris: controls the size of the pupil via radial and circular muscles
  • Retina: contains light and color sensitive receptor cells
  • Optic nerve: carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain
  • Sclera: tough outer layer of the eye
  • Cornea: clear tissue covering the front of the eye
  • Ciliary muscles and suspensory ligaments: control the shape of the lens

Accommodation

  • Accommodation is the process of changing the lens shape to focus on near or distant objects.

Vision Defects

  • Myopia: nearsightedness where light focuses in front of the retina, corrected with a concave lens.
  • Hyperopia: farsightedness where light focuses behind the retina, corrected with a convex lens.

Endocrine System

  • Endocrine system: consists of glands that secrete hormones into the blood, with the pituitary gland as the main gland.
  • Adrenaline: released by adrenal glands during stress to trigger fight or flight responses.
  • Thyroxine: released by the thyroid gland to increase metabolic rate and control growth in young animals.

Blood Glucose Regulation

  • If glucose levels are too high: the pancreas releases insulin, causing more glucose to enter cells and converting glucose to glycogen.
  • If glucose levels are too low: the pancreas releases glucagon, causing glycogen to convert into glucose.

Diabetes

  • Type 1 diabetes: the pancreas produces little or no insulin.
  • Type 2 diabetes: cells do not respond to insulin.

Water Balance

  • Water balance is regulated by the kidneys.
  • Urea: a waste product formed in the liver from the breakdown of proteins containing nitrogen.
  • Amino acids: converted into ammonia by deamination; ammonia is then converted into urea.

Kidney Function

  • Kidneys make urine by filtering blood, selectively reabsorbing useful substances, and leaving water, urea, and ions to form urine.

ADH Control

  • If blood is too concentrated: the pituitary gland releases ADH, making tubules more permeable so more water is absorbed into the blood.

Kidney Failure

  • Kidney failure is treated by organ transplant or dialysis.

Hormones and Reproduction

  • Testosterone: made in the testes and stimulates sperm production.
  • FSH (Follicle-Stimulating Hormone): released by the pituitary gland, causes egg maturity and produces estrogen.
  • Estrogen: made in the ovaries and inhibits FSH, stimulates LH, and causes the uterus lining to grow.
  • LH (Luteinizing Hormone): released by the pituitary gland and stimulates ovulation.
  • Progesterone: made in the empty follicle in the ovaries to maintain the uterus lining and inhibit LH and FSH.

Fertility Control

  • Reducing fertility: achieved through hormonal and non-hormonal contraception.
  • Increasing fertility: involves FSH and LH treatments, or in vitro fertilization (IVF).

Plant Responses

  • Tropism: growth of a plant in a particular direction.
  • Gravitropism: shoots grow away from gravity, while roots grow toward it.
  • Phototropism: roots grow away from light, while shoots grow toward it.
  • Tropisms are caused by auxins.
  • Gibberellins: promote seed germination, flowering, and increased size.
  • Ethene: involved in ripening and cell division.

Effect of Light on Growth Experiment

  • Method: Plant cress seeds in boxes with holes, expose them to even lighting with holes in different directions, water regularly, and record growth daily.

Uses of Plant Hormones

  • Plant hormones are used in weed killer, rooting powder, and promoting growth in tissue culture.

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Description

Explore the regulation of internal conditions within the body focusing on body temperature, response mechanisms, and the nervous system. Understand neurons, synapses, the central nervous system, and the functions of the brain.

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