36 Questions
What is characteristic of holistic thought?
Attention to relationships between a focal object and the field
Which cognitive system relies on abstract, symbolic representational systems?
Analytic thought
What type of self-construal primes facilitate holistic processing?
Interdependent self-construal primes
Which reasoning system reflects computations based on similarity and contiguity?
Associative system
What factor influences the prominence of analytic versus holistic cognition?
Self-construals
Which type of cognitive strategy gives rise to population-level differences in problem-solving approaches?
Analytic reasoning
What is a concern if the database of the behavioral sciences only consisted of Tsimane subjects?
Lack of representation of urban subpopulations.
In what kind of environment do typical subjects (children of WEIRD parents) develop their folkbiological reasoning?
Culturally and experientially impoverished environment.
At what age do urban children undergo a conceptual shift to viewing humans as one animal among many?
Between ages 7 and 10.
According to recent work, where are some of the central conclusions regarding human folkbiological reasoning limited to?
Urban subpopulations of non-experts in industrialized societies.
What is the developmental theory that cognitive scientists have constructed regarding folkbiological reasoning?
Emerges from folkpsychological reasoning.
How do urban children reason about biological phenomena before age 7?
By analogy to, and by extension from, humans.
Which cognitive processes vary systematically across populations?
Attention, perception, categorization, deductive reasoning, and social inference
What does the text suggest about the cognitive styles of Westerners?
Westerners occupy the extreme end of the distribution of cognitive styles.
What is the focus of Kohlberg's approach to the development of moral reasoning?
The cognitive abilities that develop over maturation for moral reasoning
What does the text suggest about the biases and patterns observed across populations?
Some biases and patterns show reversals of Western patterns.
What does the text imply about the cognitive foundations of moral reasoning?
They are acquired through cognitive abilities that develop over maturation.
What is the main focus of the text?
Differences in cognitive styles and moral reasoning across populations
Which approach focuses on the self as the center of spatial judgments and navigation?
Egocentric system
What type of cognitive frame refers to a system in which spatial judgments are made relative to the external environment?
Allocentric frame
Which cognitive perspective focuses on understanding an object's location in relation to other objects in the environment?
Object-centered approach
In the context of spatial cognition, which system is most likely linked to understanding directions based on cardinal points (e.g., north, south)?
Geocentric system
What concept refers to the transmission of cultural practices and knowledge across generations?
Cultural evolution
Which of the following terms best represents the process through which cultural traits change over time?
Cultural evolution
What is the authors' stance on the origins of observed differences between populations?
They take no position on the substantive origins of the differences.
Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a potential source of population differences?
Differences in formal education systems
What is the authors' view on the idea of radical cultural relativity?
They reject the idea and expect humans to share basic cognitive aspects across populations.
What does the text suggest about the generalizability of findings based on WEIRD (Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic) samples?
The authors express concern about generalizing from WEIRD samples to humanity.
Based on the text, which of the following statements is true about the rhetorical approach of telescoping contrasts?
It is guided by the nature of the available data.
Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a potential reason for population differences?
Differences in cognitive styles across populations
How does the visual system adapt during development?
It adapts to the presence of recurrent features in the local visual environment.
What is the Müller-Lyer illusion considered?
A culturally evolved by-product.
What does the finding regarding the Müller-Lyer illusion suggest about psychological processes?
Even basic psychological processes like visual perception can show substantial variation across populations.
What is the implication of the finding that American undergraduates and children are at the extreme end of the distribution for the Müller-Lyer illusion?
It suggests that Western populations are more exposed to cultural products like carpentered corners.
Based on the text, what can be inferred about the cognitive foundations of moral reasoning?
Moral reasoning is a complex cognitive process that is influenced by both biological and cultural factors.
What does the text suggest about the cognitive styles of Westerners?
Westerners have a more analytic cognitive style.
Learn about the distinction between holistic thought, which focuses on relationships within a context, and analytic thought, which detaches objects from contexts and focuses on attributes and categorical rules. Explore how these different habits of thought influence reasoning and problem-solving.
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