Podcast Beta
Questions and Answers
What type of surgery is used to relieve uncomfortable symptoms?
What is the goal of radiation therapy?
What is a common side effect of radiation therapy?
What is the goal of chemotherapy?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a type of chemotherapy drug that interferes with RNA and DNA synthesis?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the goal of stem cell transplantation?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a type of stem cell transplantation?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a type of targeted therapy?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a nursing diagnosis for a patient with cancer?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a goal of nursing care for a terminally ill client with cancer?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a common finding in patients with Hodgkin disease?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary goal of hospice care?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a sign of impending death?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary cause of tumor lysis syndrome?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of administering Allopurinol in tumor lysis syndrome?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary difference between Hodgkin disease and non-Hodgkin lymphoma?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary goal of palliative care?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary role of the nurse in the management of non-Hodgkin lymphoma?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary complication of tumor lysis syndrome?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a symptom of impending death?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the initial process of carcinogenesis associated with?
Signup and view all the answers
Which cancer is the second most common in men?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following diagnostic tests involves the use of 'hot spots' and 'cold spots'?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of environmental exposure is linked to an increased risk of cancer?
Signup and view all the answers
Which symptom is represented by the 'I' in the CAUTION acronym?
Signup and view all the answers
Surgery intended for diagnosing, staging, and treating localized recurrence of cancer is known as:
Signup and view all the answers
Which imaging method uses contrast media like iodine or barium?
Signup and view all the answers
What kind of medications can contribute to cancer development by weakening the immune system?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the most common type of cancer among women?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following factors is NOT part of the cancer CAUTION acronym?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary difference between benign and malignant tumors?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a step in the carcinogenesis process?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of tumor markers in cancer diagnosis?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a characteristic of leukemia?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary goal of the TNM classification system?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a risk factor for cancer development?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary goal of cancer prevention education?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a type of cancer screening test?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary role of the immune system in cancer development?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a common symptom of cancer?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary reason for administering diuretics in the management of Tumor Lysis Syndrome?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary difference between Hodgkin disease and non-Hodgkin lymphoma?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary goal of palliative care in patients with cancer?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary complication of Tumor Lysis Syndrome?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary role of the nurse in the management of non-Hodgkin lymphoma?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary goal of hospice care?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary cause of Tumor Lysis Syndrome?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a symptom of non-Hodgkin lymphoma?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary goal of nursing care for a terminally ill client with cancer?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary reason for promoting adequate hydration in the management of Tumor Lysis Syndrome?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of radiation therapy involves the use of interstitial and intracavitary implants?
Signup and view all the answers
Which chemotherapy drug class interferes with the synthesis of RNA and DNA?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a key requirement for maintaining radiation safety in a clinical setting?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of stem cell transplant uses stem cells from an identical twin?
Signup and view all the answers
Which symptom is NOT typically associated with radiation therapy?
Signup and view all the answers
Which procedure involves the selective removal of cancerous skin layers?
Signup and view all the answers
Which nursing intervention is crucial for managing chemotherapy-induced low white blood cell count?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is an example of a targeted cancer therapy?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the term for the pharmacological reduction of bone marrow activity?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of surgery involves the use of chemicals applied topically to the skin for cancer treatment?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a common finding in patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary goal of managing tumor lysis syndrome?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a common symptom of impending death?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary difference between Hodgkin disease and non-Hodgkin lymphoma?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary goal of palliative care in patients with cancer?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a common complication of tumor lysis syndrome?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary role of the nurse in the management of non-Hodgkin lymphoma?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary goal of hospice care?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary cause of tumor lysis syndrome?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of cancer originates from the organs that form blood?
Signup and view all the answers
Which phase of carcinogenesis involves the invasion of adjacent tissues?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of environmental exposure is linked to biotransformation effects on lungs, liver, and kidneys?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the 'T' in the CAUTION acronym stand for in cancer signs and symptoms?
Signup and view all the answers
What diagnostic test uses radioimmunoconjugates to identify 'hot spots' and 'cold spots'?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is the classification for cancers originating from connective tissues?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Cancer: Metastasis and Carcinogenesis
- Metastasis: development of secondary tumors from primary tumors, spreads through lymph nodes and blood vessels
- Carcinogenesis: malignant transformation, a multi-step process involving genetic changes
- Steps of carcinogenesis:
- Initial process: alters genetic structure of cell DNA, caused by carcinogens
- Promotion: cells begin to mutate and form abnormal cell populations
- Progression: cancer invades adjacent tissues and metastasizes
Cancer: Etiology
- Incidence of cancer: second leading cause of death in the United States
- Lifetime risk of developing cancer: 1 in 2 men, 1 in 3 women
- Most common cancers: lung, prostate, breast, colon
- Damage to DNA: mutated or damaged genes, including oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes
Cancer: Contributing Factors
- Chemical agents: tobacco, nicotine, asbestos, pesticides, formaldehydes
- Environmental factors: sunlight, radiation, pollutants, electromagnetic fields, nuclear power plants
- Diet: foods high in fat or nitrates, alcohol, obesity
- Viruses and bacteria: Kaposi sarcoma, Helicobacter pylori
- Medications: immunosuppressive drugs, hormone replacements, anticancer drugs
- Immune system: defective, fails to recognize malignant cells or fight cancer
Cancer Prevention
- Education: awareness of warning signs and risk factors
- Cancer screening programs: periodic physical examinations, self-examinations
- Avoiding risk factors: tobacco, asbestos, radiation, etc.
Cancer: Signs and Symptoms
- Unusual symptoms: headaches, weight loss, chronic pain, persistent fatigue, low-grade fever, infections
- Warning signs: C-A-U-T-I-O-N
- C- Change in bowel or bladder habits
- A- An unhealing sore
- U- Unusual bleeding
- T- Thickening or lump
- I- Indigestion
- O- Obvious change in size of wart or mole
- N- Nagging cough
Cancer: Diagnostic Tests
- Client's history and physical examination
- Laboratory tests: tumor markers, CBC, anemia
- Imaging tests: X-ray, CT scan, MRI, ultrasound, fluoroscopy
- Nuclear imaging: radioimmunoconjugates, PET, SPECT
- Biopsy, frozen sections, cytology
- Endoscopy: gastroscopy, bronchoscopy, colonoscopy
Cancer: Treatment
- Surgery: primary method of diagnosing, staging, and treating cancer
- Tumor excision: local and wide (radical), debulking or cytoreductive surgery
- Salvage surgery: local recurrence of cancer
- Prophylactic/Preventative surgery: family history or genetic predisposition
- Palliative surgery: helps relieve uncomfortable symptoms
- Reconstructive/plastic surgery: Mohs surgery, cryosurgery, electrosurgery, laser, Radiofrequency ablation, robotic
- Radiation therapy: destroys cancer cells by breaking DNA strands
- Chemotherapy: antineoplastic agents, cell cycle patterns, drugs, routes
- Stem cell transplant: replaces bone marrow destroyed by cancer or cancer treatments
- Targeted therapies: biologic response modifiers, nonspecific biologic response modifiers, cytokines, monoclonal antibody immunotherapy, cancer vaccines, hyperthermia, gene therapy
Cancer: Nursing Care Plan
- Nursing diagnoses: fatigue, imbalanced nutrition, disturbed body image
- Interventions: encourage protein and calorie intake, plan care around energy level, explore strengths and resources
Cancer: Care of the Terminally Ill Client
- Gently carry out tasks to reduce pain/discomfort
- Control pain
- Provide adequate fluid and nutrition
- Keep client warm and dry
- Control odors
- Maintain dignity
- Palliative care: understanding of life with terminal condition, provide pain relief and reduce distressing symptoms
- Hospice care: initiated for patients near the end of life, emphasizes quality of life, patient and family included in plan of care
Cancer: Lymphomas
- Reed-Sternberg cells
- Assessment findings: painless lymph node enlargement, epigastric pain, fullness, weight loss, anorexia, fatigue, weakness, low-grade fever, pruritus, night sweats
- Nursing diagnosis: risk for infection, impaired skin integrity
- Interventions: assess respiratory status, administer oxygen, prepare for intubation, infectious disease precautions, support and protect bony prominences
Tumor Lysis Syndrome
- Urinary system tumor lysis syndrome: oncology emergency
- Signs and symptoms: anorexia, N/V/D, lethargy, edema, fluid overload, heart failure, cardiac dysrhythmias, seizures, muscle cramps, tetany, syncope, anuria, cardiac arrest
- Management: promote adequate hydration, administer Allopurinol, diuretics, and Kayexalate, may need dialysis, palliative care
Cancer: Definition and Classification
- Cancer: abnormal, uncontrolled cell proliferation, forming new growths of abnormal tissue (neoplasms)
- Classified based on tissue type:
- Carcinomas: epithelial cells
- Lymphomas: organs that fight infection
- Leukemias: organs that form blood
- Sarcomas: connective tissue (bones or muscles)
Benign vs Malignant Tumors
- Benign tumors:
- Noninvasive
- Grow slowly
- Do not usually cause death, unless they impair function of a vital organ
- Malignant tumors:
- Invasive
- Uncontrolled growth
- Cause alterations in cell membrane and fluid movement
Cancer Metastasis
- Metastasis: development of secondary tumors from the primary tumor, through lymph nodes and blood vessels
- Carcinogenesis: the process of malignant transformation
- Steps: initiation, promotion, and progression
Cancer Etiology
- Incidence: second leading cause of death in the US, affecting 1 in 2 men and 1 in 3 women
- Most common types: lung, prostate, breast, colon, and lung cancer
- Contributing factors:
- Chemical agents (tobacco, nicotine, asbestos, pesticides, formaldehydes)
- Environmental factors (sunlight, radiation, pollutants, electromagnetic fields)
- Diet (high-fat, nitrates, alcohol, obesity)
- Viruses and bacteria (Kaposi sarcoma, Helicobacter pylori)
- Medications (immunosuppressive drugs, hormone replacements, anticancer drugs)
- Immune system defects (fail to recognize or fight cancer cells)
Cancer Prevention and Education
- Education: awareness of warning signs and risk factors
- Cancer screening programs
- Periodic physical examinations
- Emphasis on self-examinations (breasts, skin, testicles)
- Avoiding risk factors
Cancer Signs and Symptoms
- General symptoms:
- Headaches, weight loss, chronic pain, fatigue, low-grade fever, infections
- Specific symptoms:
- C - Change in bowel/bladder habits
- A - An unhealing sore
- U - Unusual bleeding
- T - Thickening lump
- I - Indigestion
- O - Obvious change in size of wart or mole
- N - Nagging cough
Diagnostic Tests
- Client's history and physical examination
- Laboratory tests:
- Tumor markers (proteins, antigens, hormones, genes, or enzymes)
- CBC (anemia)
- Imaging tests:
- X-ray imaging (contrast medium)
- CT scan (tumor density, size, volume, or location)
- MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
- Nuclear imaging (radioimmunoconjugates, PET, SPECT)
- Ultrasound (solid and cystic tumors)
- Fluoroscopy (movement of body structures)
- Biopsy and cytology
Cancer Treatment
- Surgical treatment:
- Tumor excision (local and wide, debulking, or cytoreductive)
- Salvage surgery (local recurrence)
- Prophylactic/preventative surgery (family history or genetic predisposition)
- Palliative surgery (relieving symptoms)
- Radiation therapy:
- External radiation therapy (ERT)
- Internal radiation therapy (brachytherapy)
- Systemic internal radiation therapy (iodine-131)
- Chemotherapy:
- Antineoplastic agents (interfering with cellular function)
- Cell cycle patterns (synthesis, mitosis, gaps 1 and 2, gap 0, checkpoints, and cyclins)
- Drugs (alkylating agents, nitrosoureas, topoisomerase I, antimetabolites)
- Stem cell transplant:
- Replacing bone marrow destroyed by cancer or treatment
- Types: autologous, allogeneic, syngeneic
- Targeted therapies:
- Biologic response modifiers (BRMs)
- Nonspecific biologic response modifiers (BCGs)
- Monoclonal antibody immunotherapy (MOABs)
- Cancer vaccines (clinical trials)
- Hyperthermia (thermal therapy)
- Photodynamic therapy (PDT)
- Gene therapy
Cancer Nursing Care
- Nursing diagnoses:
- Fatigue (encourage protein and calorie intake, plan care around energy level)
- Imbalanced nutrition (encourage sufficient calorie intake, administer antiemetics)
- Disturbed body image (explore strengths and resources)
- Care of the terminally ill client:
- Gently carry out tasks to reduce pain/discomfort
- Control pain
- Provide adequate fluid and nutrition
- Keep client warm and dry
- Control odors
- Maintain dignity
Lymphomas
- Reed-Sternberg cells
- Assessment findings:
- Painless lymph node enlargement
- Epigastric pain, fullness
- Weight loss, anorexia, fatigue, weakness
- Low-grade fever, pruritus, night sweats
- Anemia, thrombocytopenia
- Poor resistance to infection
- Diagnostic findings:
- CBC, blood chemistry tests, CT, MRI, lymphangiography, chest radiography
- Laparotomy, bone marrow aspiration, biopsy
- Staging: I to IV
- Medical management:
- Localized radiation
- Chemotherapy, antineoplastic drugs, antibiotics
- Transfusions, stem cell transplant
Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
- Malignant diseases originating in lymph glands
- Causes: genetic link, environmental triggers
- Classifications: indolent or aggressive
- Assessment findings:
- Lymph node enlargement, lymphoid tissue biopsies
- Additional tests for staging
- Medical management:
- Radiation, chemotherapy, immunotherapy
- Monoclonal antibody therapy (MAB)
- Bone marrow transplant (stem cell transplant, autologous, allogenic)
- Nursing management:
- Chemotherapy and radiation therapy
- Encourage extra fluid intake
Tumor Lysis Syndrome
- Urinary system tumor lysis syndrome (oncology emergency)
- Signs and symptoms:
- Anorexia, N/V/D, lethargy, edema, fluid overload, heart failure, cardiac dysrhythmias, seizures, muscle cramps, tetany, syncope, anuria, cardiac arrest
- Management:
- Promote adequate hydration
- Administer Allopurinol to prevent uric acid formation
- Administer diuretics to promote excretion of phosphates and uric acid
- Administer Kayexalate to excrete potassium
- May need dialysis
- Palliative care
Cancer: Definition and Classification
- Cancer: abnormal, uncontrolled cell proliferation, forming new growths of abnormal tissue (neoplasms)
- Classified based on tissue type:
- Carcinomas: epithelial cells
- Lymphomas: organs that fight infection
- Leukemias: organs that form blood
- Sarcomas: connective tissue (bones or muscles)
Benign vs Malignant Tumors
- Benign tumors:
- Noninvasive
- Grow slowly
- Do not usually cause death, unless they impair function of a vital organ
- Malignant tumors:
- Invasive
- Uncontrolled growth
- Cause alterations in cell membrane and fluid movement
Cancer Metastasis
- Metastasis: development of secondary tumors from the primary tumor, through lymph nodes and blood vessels
- Carcinogenesis: the process of malignant transformation
- Steps: initiation, promotion, and progression
Cancer Etiology
- Incidence: second leading cause of death in the US, affecting 1 in 2 men and 1 in 3 women
- Most common types: lung, prostate, breast, colon, and lung cancer
- Contributing factors:
- Chemical agents (tobacco, nicotine, asbestos, pesticides, formaldehydes)
- Environmental factors (sunlight, radiation, pollutants, electromagnetic fields)
- Diet (high-fat, nitrates, alcohol, obesity)
- Viruses and bacteria (Kaposi sarcoma, Helicobacter pylori)
- Medications (immunosuppressive drugs, hormone replacements, anticancer drugs)
- Immune system defects (fail to recognize or fight cancer cells)
Cancer Prevention and Education
- Education: awareness of warning signs and risk factors
- Cancer screening programs
- Periodic physical examinations
- Emphasis on self-examinations (breasts, skin, testicles)
- Avoiding risk factors
Cancer Signs and Symptoms
- General symptoms:
- Headaches, weight loss, chronic pain, fatigue, low-grade fever, infections
- Specific symptoms:
- C - Change in bowel/bladder habits
- A - An unhealing sore
- U - Unusual bleeding
- T - Thickening lump
- I - Indigestion
- O - Obvious change in size of wart or mole
- N - Nagging cough
Diagnostic Tests
- Client's history and physical examination
- Laboratory tests:
- Tumor markers (proteins, antigens, hormones, genes, or enzymes)
- CBC (anemia)
- Imaging tests:
- X-ray imaging (contrast medium)
- CT scan (tumor density, size, volume, or location)
- MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
- Nuclear imaging (radioimmunoconjugates, PET, SPECT)
- Ultrasound (solid and cystic tumors)
- Fluoroscopy (movement of body structures)
- Biopsy and cytology
Cancer Treatment
- Surgical treatment:
- Tumor excision (local and wide, debulking, or cytoreductive)
- Salvage surgery (local recurrence)
- Prophylactic/preventative surgery (family history or genetic predisposition)
- Palliative surgery (relieving symptoms)
- Radiation therapy:
- External radiation therapy (ERT)
- Internal radiation therapy (brachytherapy)
- Systemic internal radiation therapy (iodine-131)
- Chemotherapy:
- Antineoplastic agents (interfering with cellular function)
- Cell cycle patterns (synthesis, mitosis, gaps 1 and 2, gap 0, checkpoints, and cyclins)
- Drugs (alkylating agents, nitrosoureas, topoisomerase I, antimetabolites)
- Stem cell transplant:
- Replacing bone marrow destroyed by cancer or treatment
- Types: autologous, allogeneic, syngeneic
- Targeted therapies:
- Biologic response modifiers (BRMs)
- Nonspecific biologic response modifiers (BCGs)
- Monoclonal antibody immunotherapy (MOABs)
- Cancer vaccines (clinical trials)
- Hyperthermia (thermal therapy)
- Photodynamic therapy (PDT)
- Gene therapy
Cancer Nursing Care
- Nursing diagnoses:
- Fatigue (encourage protein and calorie intake, plan care around energy level)
- Imbalanced nutrition (encourage sufficient calorie intake, administer antiemetics)
- Disturbed body image (explore strengths and resources)
- Care of the terminally ill client:
- Gently carry out tasks to reduce pain/discomfort
- Control pain
- Provide adequate fluid and nutrition
- Keep client warm and dry
- Control odors
- Maintain dignity
Lymphomas
- Reed-Sternberg cells
- Assessment findings:
- Painless lymph node enlargement
- Epigastric pain, fullness
- Weight loss, anorexia, fatigue, weakness
- Low-grade fever, pruritus, night sweats
- Anemia, thrombocytopenia
- Poor resistance to infection
- Diagnostic findings:
- CBC, blood chemistry tests, CT, MRI, lymphangiography, chest radiography
- Laparotomy, bone marrow aspiration, biopsy
- Staging: I to IV
- Medical management:
- Localized radiation
- Chemotherapy, antineoplastic drugs, antibiotics
- Transfusions, stem cell transplant
Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
- Malignant diseases originating in lymph glands
- Causes: genetic link, environmental triggers
- Classifications: indolent or aggressive
- Assessment findings:
- Lymph node enlargement, lymphoid tissue biopsies
- Additional tests for staging
- Medical management:
- Radiation, chemotherapy, immunotherapy
- Monoclonal antibody therapy (MAB)
- Bone marrow transplant (stem cell transplant, autologous, allogenic)
- Nursing management:
- Chemotherapy and radiation therapy
- Encourage extra fluid intake
Tumor Lysis Syndrome
- Urinary system tumor lysis syndrome (oncology emergency)
- Signs and symptoms:
- Anorexia, N/V/D, lethargy, edema, fluid overload, heart failure, cardiac dysrhythmias, seizures, muscle cramps, tetany, syncope, anuria, cardiac arrest
- Management:
- Promote adequate hydration
- Administer Allopurinol to prevent uric acid formation
- Administer diuretics to promote excretion of phosphates and uric acid
- Administer Kayexalate to excrete potassium
- May need dialysis
- Palliative care
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
This quiz assesses your understanding of the assessment findings, symptoms, and nursing process for clients with Hodgkin disease. It covers the physical assessment, diagnosis, and planning for risks associated with the disease.
