Untitled Quiz

Hobbes and Locke

• Tolerance was shown towards every protestant.
• It was believed men were not divinely placed in their positions.
• The position of kings was attributed to divine placement by God.
• Political programs were linguistically influenced by the Bible.
• The Bible was used for justification.

Hobbes

• Advocated for absolutism.
• Described the state of nature as "homo homini lupus" (man is wolf to man).
• Authored Leviathan.
• Was a philosopher.
• Believed humans are unsocial and not naturally inclined to live in a community.
• Passion is the driving force of humans.
• Power is derived from possession.
• Man is inherently a predator.
• Common-wealth is equivalent to the State.
• Regarded as a "Theorist of absolutism".

Locke

• Championed constitutionalism.
• Was a philosopher.
• Studied medicine at Oxford.
• Defined government as "a compound of ideas, attitudes, and patterns of behavior elaborating the principle that the authority of government derives from and is limited by a body of fundamental law".

Sir Robert Filmer

• A lawyer and political theorist.
• Had royalist leanings.

Hobbes vs Locke

• Property can only exist in the state (Hobbes).
• Property is the guiding principle (Locke).
• Pursuit of Possession (Hobbes).

Eighteenth Century

• Englishmen viewed their country as the most civilized and free.
• Englishmen had the liberty to voice their opinions freely (except on stage).
• Parliament made all major decisions.
• Political disagreement was a natural occurrence.
• England had two political parties namely the Tories and the Whigs.
• Only landowners were eligible to vote.
• There was freedom of domestic trade.
• London's growth was fueled by internal migration.
• Daughters of rich merchants could marry into aristocratic families.
• Circulation of goods and knowledge was common.
• New publications like "The Tatler" and "The Spectator" emerged, not newspapers.
• Subscription magazines were made for public consumption and coffeehouses.
• Coffeehouses were operated by women but they were not allowed to be also consumers.
• Enlightenment era provided a philosophical soundtrack.
• Rationalism was based on anti-traditional concepts.
• Mind is a clean slate (Locke).
• All knowledge is gained by external and internal experience.
• The mind must be fed by data.
• God is the great watchman.
• Enlightenment was only considered by a small group of humans.
• The Royal Society was founded by Royal charter from Charles II in 1662.
• Humanistic education was valued.

Key Terms: Commercial Society

• Parliament dominated by Liberal Whigs and conservative Tories.
• The new kings from the House of Hanover were virtually powerless.
• Abortive Catholic Jacobite rebellions occurred in Scotland in 1715 and 1745.
• Enlightenment propagated freedom of the rational individual.
• A shift from a one-sex to a two-sex model in regards to gender roles took place.
• Radical biological differences between men and women were postulated.
• British universities had a poor reputation
• The Grand Tour through France, Germany, and Italy was a part of a gentleman's education.
• The gentleman ideal was also attainable for the middle class.
• Trade and merchants were seen as motors of progress, with goods becoming central for the display of individual value.

Capitalism & Romanticism

• Drama and poetry were valued higher than novels.
• Novels were based on antiquity.
• Otherwise travel- or life-writing was also common.
• There was a newly booming market.
• No overpopulation (in contrast to other countries).
• No food shortages took place.
• There were enough workplaces
• English viewed themselves as the most progressive and fit to rule.
• Colonization and ruling over Ireland took place.
• "Uncivilized Ireland” “Englishmen need to help them rule over their land”.
• A new empire was won by trade (Triangular trade).
• The merchant represented the idealized figure of the century.
• Land was only considered valuable when there was trade.
• England led in trading and banking.
• A scandal around "Fable of the bees" occurred.
• Free market was advocated instead of private space.
• Capitalism was criticized.
• England weighed in to not lose its leading position in Trade War.
• New colonies were established in North America.
• Need for cheaper labor led to the use of slaves from Africa.
• England won African colonies in a trade war with France.
• British East India Company became a military power.
• British East India Company took up almost all of the Indian subcontinent.
• Anti-slavery-movements arose.
• Mercantilism is a nationalist economic policy designed to maximize exports and minimize imports.
• Romanticism countered mercantilism.

Industrialization

• Changed everyday life more than politics affected it.
• Favorable positioning of the country (island).
• The spinning jenny was invented in 1769.
• Railways sprung up.
• Steel was an iconic building material.
• James Watt invented the steam engine in 1776.
• Train schedules brought synchronisation of time and standard time.
• People left the countryside and flooded the cities, leading to overpopulation.
• Child labor was prohibited in 1819.
• Information travelled faster via telephone and telegraph.
• 1840-50 potato famine in Ireland(agricultural) resulted in 1 million deaths and 1.5 million emigrations.
• Utilitarianism sought the greatest happiness of the greatest number.

Key Terms

• Adam Smith: Laissez faire-doctrine, division of labour
• David Ricardo critiqued unproductive aristocracy.
• Utilitarianism: greatest happiness of the greatest number.
• Spinning Jenny & steam engine: radical shift in demography of Britain, rise of industrial cities, plight of the working class, alienation, & slums like London's East End.
• Middle Class worshipped self-help.
• Utopian Socialism: Robert Owen's New Lanark.
• State of England Novels (Dickens, Gaskell, Gissing) and social journalism.

Science and Empire

• Early theories about the origin of the world were Neptunic or plutonic creation
• Carl Linnaeus developed a system of taxonomy.
• Charles Lyell & Geology determined the world was much older than 6,000 years
• Darwinism is the Theory of Evolution, against Lamarck.
• 'Primitive' peoples were subjected to new gaze with biological difference constructed for scientific racism.
• Social Darwinism (Herbert Spencer) described "survival of the fittest."
• Fears of degeneration and atavism led to criminology, phrenology, and physiognomy.

Victorian Cultural Criticism

• The Victorian era was an age of crisis.
• Fear of accelerating change, decadence, and political radicalism was present.
• Longing for stability or radical renewal was desired.
• Conservative: consciousness determines existence.
• Progressive: existence determines consciousness and brings new morals.
• Thomas Carlyle critiqued Capitalism, Marx & Engels.
• Commodity fetishism; alienation; Base & Superstructure; abolition of private property
• William Godwin state become superfluous (evolutionary Anarchism).
• Dante Gabriel Rossetti and the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood arose.
• John Ruskin and Victorian Medievalism emerged.
• William Morris popularized Arts & Crafts.
• Oscar Wilde espoused Aestheticism & Decadence.

Great War And Modernism

• "industrial mass production became industrial mass slaughter, where man is merely an instrument."
• It represents the end of one empire and the start of another.
• The red poppy is a symbol for all the deaths of the war.
• Outbreak of war.
• People believed it would be over by christmas.
• It was welcomed as a natural and "cleansing" process of rebirth.

Welfare to Brexit

• Building a Welfare State (pensions, public healthcare, unemployment insurance) after WWII was done to overcome class society.
• Financed by nationalization of key industries and services.
• "Social Democratic Consensus”: policy supported by both Labour and Conservatives ("Butskellism").
• Initial rapid growth and jobs for all turned to worsening crises and employment issues since the 1960s.
• Neoliberalism: Conservative Party advocates radical reversal of “Butskellism.”
• Massive cuts in public spending and commodification of fields of society (including art and education) took place.
• A return to values of self-help, economic egoism, and the cult of greed happened.
• On returning to power in 1997, Labour vows to change effects of Thacherism, but does not deliver.