KIS exam PDF: Hobbes, Locke, and Eighteenth-century History

KIS exam Hobbes and Locke -​ Tolerance towards every protestant -​ Men have not been put in a place by god -​ All kings are in their position because god put them there -​ political programs were made with biblical language -​ bible was used for justification Hobbes: absolutism h...

KIS exam Hobbes and Locke -​ Tolerance towards every protestant -​ Men have not been put in a place by god -​ All kings are in their position because god put them there -​ political programs were made with biblical language -​ bible was used for justification Hobbes: absolutism homo homini lupus -​ Author of Leviathan -​ Philosopher -​ → Human is unsocial, Humans were not made for a live in community -​ Driving forces of man are the passion -​ Possession means power -​ Man is a predator -​ Common-wealth = State -​ Hobbes = “Theorist of absolutism” Locke: constitutionalism -​ Philosopher -​ studied medicine at oxford -​ "a compound of ideas, attitudes, and patterns of behavior elaborating the principle that the authority of government derives from and is limited by a body of fundamental law Sir Robert Filmer: -​ Lawyer and political theorist -​ royalist leanings -​ -​ Property can only exist in the state → Hobbes -​ Property is the one guided principle → Locke -​ Pursuit of Possession → Hobbes Eighteenth century -​ englishmen saw their country as the most civilized and free country -​ Englishmen were at liberty to say what they think → not on stage -​ Parliament made all major decisions -​ Political disagreement was natural → unusual for big european countries -​ Two political parties → the Tories, the Whigs -​ Could only vote if you own a piece of land -​ Freedom of domestic trade -​ London grew through massive migration, mostly within the country -​ Daughter of rich merchants could be married into aristocratic families  -​ Circulation of goods and knowledge -​ New publications like “The Tatler”, ”The spectator” etc → not a newspaper, Subscription magazines, made for public consumption and discussion in for ex. coffeehouses -​ Coffeehouses were operated by women, but they were not allowed there as customers -​ Enlightenment provided philosophical soundtrack -​ Based on anti traditional concept of rationalism -​ Mind is a clean slate - Locke -​ All knowledge is gained by experience, external and internal -​ Mind must be fed by data -​ God is the great watchman -​ Enlightenment only considered a small group to be human -​ The Royal Society: Founded by Royal charter from Charles II in 1662 -​ Humanistic education Key Terms: Commercial Society -​ Parliament dominated by liberal Whigs (moneyed interest) and conservative Tories (landed interest); new kings from the house of Hanover virtually powerless; abortive Catholic Jacobite rebellions in Scotland 1715 and 1745 -​ Enlightenment propagates freedom of the rational individual (white, Protestant, male, middle class); shift from one-sex to two-sex model postulates radical biological difference between men and women -​ Bad reputation of British universities; Grand Tour through France, Germany and Italy integral part of any gentleman’s education to acquire taste, language and networking skills and understand the superiority of British political and religious system (London the new Rome) -​ New notion of individuality and public sphere; the gentleman ideal also attainable for the middle class; civic virtues debated and popularised in magazines like The Spectator -​ Trade and merchants seen as the motors of progress and national moral and economic growth; goods and objects become central for display of individual value Capitalism & romanticism -​ Drama and poetry were higher than novels -​ novels based on antiquity -​ otherwise travel- or life-writing -​ Newly booming market -​ no overpopulation (in contrast to other countries) -​ no food shortages -​ enough workplaces -​ english saw themselves as the most progressive and fit to rule -​ colonization and ruling over ireland -​ “uncivilized Ireland” “Englishmen need to help them rule over their land”  -​ winning a new empire by trade around the globe → Triangular trade -​ merchant as the idealized figure of the century -​ idea that land is only valuable when there is trade -​ England leads in trading and banking -​ scandal around “Fable of the bees” -​ → free market instead of private space -​ criticizing capitalism -​ Trade war -​ → England weighed in to not lose its leading position -​ newly established colonies in North America -​ need for cheaper labor → Slaves from Africa -​ England won African colonies in a trade war with France -​ British East India Company -​ → became a military power -​ → took up almost all of the indian subcontinent -​ Anti-slavery-movements -​ mercantilism → nationalist economic policy that is designed to maximize the exports and minimize the imports of an economy -​ Romanticism → counter movement against Industrialisation -​ Changed everyday life more than politics -​ favorable positioning of the country : Island -​ spinning jenny 1769 -​ railways -​ steel - iconic building material -​ Steam engine by james watt 1776 -​ train schedules brought synchronisation of time → standard time -​ people left the countryside and flooded the cities -​ → overpopulation -​ child labour was prohibited → 1819 -​ information travelled faster → telephone, telegraph -​ 1840-50 potato famine in Ireland (agricultural) 1 million died 1.5 million emigrated -​ Utilitarianism : The greatest happiness of the greatest number Key terms: -​ Adam Smith: Laissez faire-doctrine, the state must not interfere with economic processes, man’s natural urge to trade, surplus value, division of labour -​ David Ricardo, criticism of unproductive aristocracy -​ Utilitarianism: greatest happiness of the greatest number -​ Spinning Jenny, steam engine, radical shift in demography of Britain, rise of industrial cities, urbanisation, plight of the working class, alienation, slums like London’s East End -​ Middle Class worship principle of self-help (Samuel Smiles)  -​ Utopian Socialism: Robert Owen’s New Lanark -​ State of England Novels (Dickens, Gaskell, Gissing) and social journalism (Mayhew, Sims) Science and empire Key terms: -​ early theories about the origin of the world: neptunic or plutonic creation -​ Carl Linnaeus’s system of taxonomy -​ Charles Lyell & Geology: world much older than 6,000 years -​ Darwin & Darwinism: Theory of Evolution, against Lamarck, natural selection, sexual selection, Descent of Man: humanity not a separate creation (‘Ape Theory’) -​ new gaze on ‘primitive’ peoples, biological difference constructed, scientific racism -​ Social Darwinism (Herbert Spencer), “survival of the fittest” in society too -​ Fears of degeneration and atavism, criminology, phrenology, physiognomy Victorian cultural criticism Key terms: -​ Victorian era as an age of crisis -​ Fear of accelerating change, decadence, political radicalism -​ Longing for stability or radical renewal -​ Conservative: consciousness determines existence – new morals heal society -​ Progressive: existence determines consciousness – new form of society brings new morals -​ Thomas Carlyle: Conservative criticism of Capitalism Marx & Engels: Commodity fetishism; alienation; Base & Superstructure; abolition of private property in means of production -​ William Godwin: people become more reasonable and fraternal, state become superfluous (evolutionary Anarchism) -​ Dante Gabriel Rossetti and the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood -​ John Ruskin and Victorian Medievalism -​ William Morris: Arts & Crafts -​ Oscar Wilde: Aestheticism & Decadence Great war and modernism -​ "industrial mass production became industrial mass slaughter, where man is merely an instrument" -​ Can be depicted as the end of the long 19th century, since it represents the end of one empire and the start of another -​ red poppy → symbol for all the deaths of the war Outbreak of war -​ people believed it would be over by christmas  -​ It was welcomed as a natural and "cleansing" process of rebirth which was supposedly helping with the downwards spiral of society -​ Welfare to brexit: -​ Building a Welfare State (pensions, public healthcare, unemployment insurance) after WWII to overcome class society and pacify social tensions -​ Financed by nationalization of key industries and services (coal, steel, shipbuilding, Bank of England, British Airways, British Rail, telephone, gas, electricity) -​ “Social Democratic Consensus”: policy supported by both Labour and Conservatives (“Butskellism”) -​ After initial rapid growth and jobs for all, worsening financial crisis and rising unemployment since the late 1960s -​ Neoliberalism: Conservative Party under Margaret Thatcher advocates radical reversal of “Butskellism”: privatization of industries and services, breaking the power of trade unions, massive cuts in public spending, commodification of all fields of society (including art and education) -​ Return to the values of self-help, economic egoism, cult of greed -​ On returning to power in 1997, Labour vows to change effects of Thacherism, but does not deliver