HLS 2670 Exam 3 Respiratory Immunology & Lymphatics Practice Questions

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Questions and Answers

What is the function of the thymus?

Plays a role in T cell maturation (correct)

Produces bile

Stores blood

Metabolizes and detoxifies

Which condition is characterized by wheezing and chest tightness?

Asthma (correct)

Bronchiectasis

External respiration exchange

Emphysema

What is the primary function of lymph nodes?

Produce antibodies (correct)

Convey lymph into blood

Transport lymph

Metabolize and detoxify

Which structure is responsible for the dilatation of the bronchioles?

Emphysema Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of the spleen in the body?

Filters blood Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is involved in the transport of lymph integration?

Lymphatic Trunk Signup and view all the answers

What happens when you breathe in?

Diaphragm contracts and moves downward Signup and view all the answers

Which muscles help lift and expand the ribcage during inhalation?

Scalene muscles and abdominal muscles Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the intercostal muscles during exhalation?

Relax to push air out of the lungs Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle relaxes to decrease the size of the chest cavity during exhalation?

Diaphragm Signup and view all the answers

What aids in pushing air out of the lungs during exhalation?

Abdominal muscle contraction Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle group plays a significant role in expanding the chest cavity during inhalation?

Diaphragm and scalene muscles Signup and view all the answers

Where are villi mainly found in the small intestine?

Duodenum Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a main lymph duct as mentioned in the text?

Left lymphatic duct Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of portal capillaries in the liver?

To collect nutrient-rich blood for processing and detoxification Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following organs is NOT part of the hepatic portal system?

Kidney Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of lymphatic vessels?

Carry lymph from tissues to lymph nodes and back to the bloodstream Signup and view all the answers

Which blood vessels run parallel to lymphatic vessels throughout the body?

Veins Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of plasma cells mentioned in the text?

Supporting immune system and fighting diseases Signup and view all the answers

How does carbon dioxide primarily get transported in the blood?

As bicarbonate ions (HCO3) Signup and view all the answers

What compensatory mechanism helps regulate lower pH in the blood related to CO2 levels and ventilation?

Hyperventilation Signup and view all the answers

Which type of immunoglobulin activates the complement system and protects against toxins and bacteria?

IgG Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of IgE immunoglobulins?

Protects against parasitic worms Signup and view all the answers

Which immunoglobulin is known for providing localized protection in mucous membranes?

IgA Signup and view all the answers

What do central chemoreceptors respond to?

Oxygen and carbon dioxide levels Signup and view all the answers

How do lymphatic vessels begin and end?

Begin as blind-ended lymph capillaries and drain into lymph vessels Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of Interleukins in the immune system?

Help immune cells communicate and regulate immune responses Signup and view all the answers

Which structure of a lymph node allows lymph to enter?

Afferent end vessels Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of Monocytes in the immune system?

Destroy pathogens and help regulate immune responses Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Complement in the immune system?

Aid in immune responses against foreign substances Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Respiratory Immunology and Lymphatics

Respiratory Terms

External respiration: exchange of gas at the level of the lungs
Bronchiectasis: dilatation of the bronchioles
Emphysema: chronic inflammatory condition due to damage of alveoli
Asthma: chronic airway condition characterized by inflammation, wheezing, and chest tightness
Hypoxia: low level of oxygen in the tissues

Lymphatic Structures and Functions

Thymus: site of T cell maturation and proliferation
Lymph nodes: site of lymphocyte activation and proliferation
Spleen: stores blood, filters the blood, and produces immune cells
Liver: metabolizes, detoxifies, and produces bile
Tonsils: play a role in immune defense
Lymph capillaries: transport digested fats from the small intestine into the bloodstream
Lymphatic vessels: transport lymph from the tissues to lymph nodes and eventually back to the bloodstream
Lymphatic ducts: large vessels that carry lymph from the lymphatic vessels and drain it into the venous system

Lymphatic System

Lymphatic vessels: distributed throughout the body, running parallel to blood vessels
Lymph nodes: site of lymphocyte activation and proliferation
Lymphatic ducts: collect lymph from the lower body, left upper body, and left side of the head and neck, draining into the left subclavian vein

Immunity

Innate immunity: non-specific immunity that involves the first line of defense against infection
Adaptive immunity: specific immunity that involves the activation of immune cells to fight infection
Humoral immunity: involves the production of antibodies to fight infection
Cell-mediated immunity: involves the activation of T cells to fight infection
Passive immunity: involves the transfer of antibodies from one individual to another

Mechanism of Breathing

Inhalation: contraction of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles, increasing the space in the chest cavity, allowing air to rush into the lungs
Exhalation: relaxation of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles, decreasing the space in the chest cavity, pushing air out of the lungs

Lymphatic Vessels and Ducts

Lymphatic vessels: network of thin-walled vessels that carry lymph from the tissues to lymph nodes and eventually back to the bloodstream
Lymphatic ducts: large vessels that carry lymph from the lymphatic vessels and drain it into the venous system
Thoracic duct: collects lymph from the lower body, left upper body, and left side of the head and neck, draining into the left subclavian vein
Right lymphatic duct: collects lymph from the right upper body and right side of the head and neck, draining into the right subclavian vein

Portal Capillaries

Portal capillaries: small blood vessels that form a network within certain organs, allowing for the exchange of substances between the blood and surrounding tissues
Hepatic portal system: collects nutrient-rich blood from the gastrointestinal tract, spleen, and pancreas and delivers it to the liver for processing and detoxification

Immunoglobulins

IgM: activates complement system, causes agglutination, and triggers lysis of microbes
IgG: protects against toxins, bacteria, and viruses
IgE: protects against parasitic worms and is involved in allergic reactions
IgA: provides localized protection against bacteria and viruses in mucous membranes
IgD: activates B cells and enhances phagocytosis

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Description

Prepare for HLS 2670 Exam 3 on Respiratory Immunology & Lymphatics with these practice questions covering terms like External respiration exchange, Bronchiectasis, Emphysema, Asthma, and Hypoxia. Test your knowledge on lung functions, airway conditions, and oxygen levels.