77 Questions
Which of the following can contribute to the antigenic changes of Influenza A Viruses?
Recombination
What is the term used to describe the gradual accumulation of mutations that allow the virus to escape neutralizing antibodies?
Antigenic drift
Which strains of Influenza A Viruses are thought to have changes in three or more antigenic sites?
Epidemic strains
What can result in antigenic differences in Influenza A Viruses, when it comes to antigenic drift?
Changes in amino acids
Which protein can be involved in antigenic changes of Influenza A Viruses?
Any antigenic protein
How frequently can antigenic drift occur?
Every year
What is required when new HA types are created frequently in Influenza A Viruses?
New vaccine every season
Which of the following is NOT a factor contributing to antigenic changes in Influenza A Viruses?
Silent mutations
What can antigenic changes of Influenza A Viruses eventually lead to?
Severe epidemics and/or pandemics
Which type of virus is Influenza?
Negative stranded ss RNA virus
What undergoes antigenic shifts and antigenic drifts with the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase proteins?
Influenza virus A
Which virus is a major cause of life-threatening lower respiratory disease in children?
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)
Which virus is a major cause of the common cold?
Rhinovirus
Which type of influenza virus undergoes antigenic shifts and drifts?
Influenza virus A
What is the result of antigenic shifts in influenza viruses?
Pandemics
What is the result of antigenic drifts in influenza viruses?
Epidemics
What is the primary site of virus replication in mild influenza?
Upper respiratory tract
What is the primary site of virus replication in severe influenza?
Lower respiratory tract
Which type of influenza virus exclusively infects humans?
Influenza B and C
Which type of influenza virus undergoes antigenic drift only?
Influenza B
What causes influenza A pandemics?
When a virus with a new hemagglutinin or neuraminidase subtype emerges due to Antigenic shifts
What causes epidemics of influenza A and B?
Antigenic drifts
Which animals are the natural reservoirs of all subtypes of Influenza A viruses?
Birds
What is the gold standard for the diagnosis of influenza?
Hemagglutination inhibition
Which type of influenza virus is responsible for causing pandemics?
Influenza A
Why do we not have influenza B pandemics?
No shifts have been recorded
What is the primary site of virus replication in mild influenza?
Upper respiratory tract
What is the term used to describe the gradual accumulation of mutations that allow the virus to escape neutralizing antibodies?
Antigenic drift
What is the result of antigenic shifts in influenza viruses?
Major antigenic change
Which of the following is a major antigenic change of Influenza A viruses?
Change in both H and N antigens
Antigenic shifts of Influenza A viruses occurs by?
Gene re-assortment
Which type of vaccine is grown in embryonated eggs and is 70-90% effective in healthy persons?
Killed whole virus vaccine
Which type of vaccine is widely used in Russia but not elsewhere?
Live Virus Attenuated
What is the basis of today's influenza vaccines?
Virus Subunit HA
Which antiviral drug blocks the M2 ion channel and is effective against Type A influenza virus if given early?
Amantadine and Rimantadine
Which antiviral drug is a neuraminidase inhibitor and is effective against both Type A and Type B influenza viruses if given early?
Oseltamivir and Zanamivir
What is the focus of current research for a universal vaccine against influenza?
Synthetic
Which family does Parainfluenza viruses belong to?
Paramyxoviridae
What is the size of Parainfluenza viruses?
Pleomorphic
How many serotypes of Parainfluenza viruses are there?
4
What is the genome of Parainfluenza viruses?
RNA single-stranded negative
When do Parainfluenza 1 and 2 infections occur?
Fall and Winter
What is the most common clinical symptom of Parainfluenza 1 and 2 infections?
Croup
What is the most common clinical symptom of Parainfluenza 3 infection?
Bronchiolitis and pneumonia
What is the primary site of Parainfluenza virus replication?
Upper respiratory tract
What type of antibodies show a good correlation with protection against Parainfluenza virus infection?
IgA
Is there currently a vaccine available for Parainfluenza viruses?
No
Which age group is most likely to be seropositive for Parainfluenza type 3?
Children aged 5 years and older
How is Parainfluenza virus transmission initiated?
Through close contact with infected persons or contaminated surfaces
What type of infection occurs in Parainfluenza virus transmission?
Localized infection without viremia
Which virus is the primary cause of lower respiratory tract illness in young children?
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)
What is the family of Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)?
Paramyxoviridae
What is the size of Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)?
Pleomorphic
How many serotypes of Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) are there?
2
How is Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) transmitted?
Via large aerosolized respiratory droplets
Which age group is most likely to be seropositive for Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)?
Children aged 1-4 years
What is the primary site of Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) infection in childhood?
Upper respiratory tract
What is the most common clinical symptom of Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) infection in childhood?
Cough
What type of infection occurs in adult Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) infection?
Upper respiratory infection
When does the RSV season typically occur in northern climates?
November to March
Which of the following is a risk factor for Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) infection?
Having a congenital heart disease
How does RSV enter the body?
Through the eyes and nose
Which of the following is a symptom of RSV infection in children?
Respiratory distress
Which of the following is NOT a factor contributing to increased risk of RSV?
Breastfeeding
Which type of genome does Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) have?
RNA single-stranded negative, non-segmented
What is the family of Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)?
Paramyxoviridae
Which family does the Rhinovirus belong to?
Picornaviridae
What is the size of the Rhinovirus?
30 nM in diameter
What are the two unique physical properties of the Rhinovirus?
Temperature stability and pH lability
At what temperature does the Rhinovirus replicate better?
33°C
How do Rhinoviruses compare to other enteroviruses in terms of pH stability?
Rhinoviruses are not acid stable
Which type of genome does Rhinovirus have?
RNA single-stranded positive
What is the primary site of Rhinovirus infection?
Upper respiratory tract
Which of the following viruses is destroyed at low pH?
Rhinoviruses
Which receptor does the Rhinovirus attach to in the nasal passages?
ICAM-1 or LDL receptor
What is the primary site of Rhinovirus infection?
Upper respiratory tract
How does the Rhinovirus primarily spread? MAJOR SOURCE OF TRANSMISSION
Direct contact with infectious nasal secretions
Test your knowledge on respiratory viruses with this quiz! Learn about the major causes of lower respiratory disease in children, including Influenza, Parainfluenza virus, Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV), Rhinovirus, Coronavirus, and Adenovirus. Gain a general background on influenza viruses as well. Challenge yourself and expand your understanding of these infectious agents!
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