INFLUENZA AND MAJOR RESPIRATORY VIRAL INFECTIONS
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following can contribute to the antigenic changes of Influenza A Viruses?

  • Recombination (correct)
  • Antibodies
  • Bacteria
  • Vaccines

    • What is the term used to describe the gradual accumulation of mutations that allow the virus to escape neutralizing antibodies?

  • Re-assortment
  • Antigenic shift
  • Antigenic drift (correct)
  • Recombination

    • Which strains of Influenza A Viruses are thought to have changes in three or more antigenic sites?

  • Epidemic strains (correct)
  • Recombinant strains
  • Pandemic strains
  • Reassortant strains

    • What can result in antigenic differences in Influenza A Viruses, when it comes to antigenic drift?

    <p>Changes in amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein can be involved in antigenic changes of Influenza A Viruses?

    <p>Any antigenic protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How frequently can antigenic drift occur?

    <p>Every year</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is required when new HA types are created frequently in Influenza A Viruses?

    <p>New vaccine every season</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a factor contributing to antigenic changes in Influenza A Viruses?

    <p>Silent mutations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can antigenic changes of Influenza A Viruses eventually lead to?

    <p>Severe epidemics and/or pandemics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of virus is Influenza?

    <p>Negative stranded ss RNA virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What undergoes antigenic shifts and antigenic drifts with the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase proteins?

    <p>Influenza virus A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which virus is a major cause of life-threatening lower respiratory disease in children?

    <p>Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which virus is a major cause of the common cold?

    <p>Rhinovirus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of influenza virus undergoes antigenic shifts and drifts?

    <p>Influenza virus A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of antigenic shifts in influenza viruses?

    <p>Pandemics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of antigenic drifts in influenza viruses?

    <p>Epidemics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary site of virus replication in mild influenza?

    <p>Upper respiratory tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary site of virus replication in severe influenza?

    <p>Lower respiratory tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of influenza virus exclusively infects humans?

    <p>Influenza B and C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of influenza virus undergoes antigenic drift only?

    <p>Influenza B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes influenza A pandemics?

    <p>When a virus with a new hemagglutinin or neuraminidase subtype emerges due to Antigenic shifts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes epidemics of influenza A and B?

    <p>Antigenic drifts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which animals are the natural reservoirs of all subtypes of Influenza A viruses?

    <p>Birds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the gold standard for the diagnosis of influenza?

    <p>Hemagglutination inhibition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of influenza virus is responsible for causing pandemics?

    <p>Influenza A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do we not have influenza B pandemics?

    <p>No shifts have been recorded</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary site of virus replication in mild influenza?

    <p>Upper respiratory tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the gradual accumulation of mutations that allow the virus to escape neutralizing antibodies?

    <p>Antigenic drift</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of antigenic shifts in influenza viruses?

    <p>Major antigenic change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a major antigenic change of Influenza A viruses?

    <p>Change in both H and N antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Antigenic shifts of Influenza A viruses occurs by?

    <p>Gene re-assortment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of vaccine is grown in embryonated eggs and is 70-90% effective in healthy persons?

    <p>Killed whole virus vaccine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of vaccine is widely used in Russia but not elsewhere?

    <p>Live Virus Attenuated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the basis of today's influenza vaccines?

    <p>Virus Subunit HA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antiviral drug blocks the M2 ion channel and is effective against Type A influenza virus if given early?

    <p>Amantadine and Rimantadine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antiviral drug is a neuraminidase inhibitor and is effective against both Type A and Type B influenza viruses if given early?

    <p>Oseltamivir and Zanamivir</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of current research for a universal vaccine against influenza?

    <p>Synthetic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which family does Parainfluenza viruses belong to?

    <p>Paramyxoviridae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the size of Parainfluenza viruses?

    <p>Pleomorphic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many serotypes of Parainfluenza viruses are there?

    <p>4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the genome of Parainfluenza viruses?

    <p>RNA single-stranded negative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When do Parainfluenza 1 and 2 infections occur?

    <p>Fall and Winter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common clinical symptom of Parainfluenza 1 and 2 infections?

    <p>Croup</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common clinical symptom of Parainfluenza 3 infection?

    <p>Bronchiolitis and pneumonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary site of Parainfluenza virus replication?

    <p>Upper respiratory tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of antibodies show a good correlation with protection against Parainfluenza virus infection?

    <p>IgA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Is there currently a vaccine available for Parainfluenza viruses?

    <p>No</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which age group is most likely to be seropositive for Parainfluenza type 3?

    <p>Children aged 5 years and older</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is Parainfluenza virus transmission initiated?

    <p>Through close contact with infected persons or contaminated surfaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of infection occurs in Parainfluenza virus transmission?

    <p>Localized infection without viremia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which virus is the primary cause of lower respiratory tract illness in young children?

    <p>Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the family of Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)?

    <p>Paramyxoviridae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the size of Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)?

    <p>Pleomorphic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many serotypes of Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) are there?

    <p>2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) transmitted?

    <p>Via large aerosolized respiratory droplets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which age group is most likely to be seropositive for Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)?

    <p>Children aged 1-4 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary site of Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) infection in childhood?

    <p>Upper respiratory tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common clinical symptom of Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) infection in childhood?

    <p>Cough</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of infection occurs in adult Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) infection?

    <p>Upper respiratory infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does the RSV season typically occur in northern climates?

    <p>November to March</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a risk factor for Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) infection?

    <p>Having a congenital heart disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does RSV enter the body?

    <p>Through the eyes and nose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a symptom of RSV infection in children?

    <p>Respiratory distress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a factor contributing to increased risk of RSV?

    <p>Breastfeeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of genome does Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) have?

    <p>RNA single-stranded negative, non-segmented</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the family of Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)?

    <p>Paramyxoviridae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which family does the Rhinovirus belong to?

    <p>Picornaviridae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the size of the Rhinovirus?

    <p>30 nM in diameter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two unique physical properties of the Rhinovirus?

    <p>Temperature stability and pH lability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what temperature does the Rhinovirus replicate better?

    <p>33°C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do Rhinoviruses compare to other enteroviruses in terms of pH stability?

    <p>Rhinoviruses are not acid stable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of genome does Rhinovirus have?

    <p>RNA single-stranded positive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary site of Rhinovirus infection?

    <p>Upper respiratory tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following viruses is destroyed at low pH?

    <p>Rhinoviruses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptor does the Rhinovirus attach to in the nasal passages?

    <p>ICAM-1 or LDL receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary site of Rhinovirus infection?

    <p>Upper respiratory tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the Rhinovirus primarily spread? MAJOR SOURCE OF TRANSMISSION

    <p>Direct contact with infectious nasal secretions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Influenza A Viruses

    • Antigenic changes are influenced by genetic mutations, reassortment, and environmental factors.
    • The term for the gradual accumulation of mutations that enable the virus to evade neutralizing antibodies is "antigenic drift."
    • Strains with changes in three or more antigenic sites often include H1N1, H2N2, and H3N2.
    • Antigenic drift causes variations in influenza A viruses due to frequent mutations in the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) proteins.
    • Antigenic change can involve the HA and NA proteins which are critical for the virus's ability to infect hosts.
    • Antigenic drift can occur frequently, generally every 1–2 years.
    • New HA types require updated vaccines and public health strategies to manage increased transmission risks.
    • Environmental factors, such as climate and viral strains, do not contribute to antigenic changes.
    • Antigenic changes can ultimately lead to influenza pandemics and shifts in predominant viral strains.
    • Influenza is an RNA virus belonging to the Orthomyxoviridae family.
    • Antigenic shifts and drifts occur mainly in the HA and NA proteins of influenza A viruses.
    • Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) is a major cause of life-threatening lower respiratory disease in young children.
    • Rhinovirus is the primary cause of the common cold.
    • Antigenic shifts can result in new pandemic strains, while antigenic drifts lead to seasonal outbreaks.
    • In mild influenza cases, the primary site of virus replication is the upper respiratory tract; in severe cases, it is the lower respiratory tract.
    • Human infections are primarily caused by influenza B viruses, which do not undergo pandemics.
    • Natural reservoirs for all subtypes of Influenza A viruses include aquatic birds.
    • The gold standard for diagnosing influenza is the reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR).
    • Influenza A viruses are responsible for pandemics while Influenza B viruses contribute to seasonal epidemics.

    Vaccines and Antivirals

    • The egg-based vaccine for influenza is 70-90% effective in healthy individuals.
    • Live attenuated vaccines are commonly used in Russia but less so in other regions.
    • Current influenza vaccines are based on circulating viral strains.
    • Adamantanes, such as Amantadine, block the M2 ion channel affecting type A influenza.
    • Neuraminidase inhibitors, like Oseltamivir, are effective against both A and B types if administered early.
    • Research is ongoing for a universal flu vaccine targeting conserved viral proteins.

    Parainfluenza Viruses

    • Parainfluenza viruses belong to the Paramyxoviridae family and are relatively small in size.
    • There are four serotypes of Parainfluenza viruses, characterized by RNA genomes.
    • Infections with Parainfluenza types 1 and 2 usually occur in the fall.
    • The most common clinical symptoms for Parainfluenza types 1 and 2 include croup, while Parainfluenza type 3 primarily presents with bronchiolitis.
    • The primary replication site for Parainfluenza viruses is the upper respiratory tract.
    • Antibodies, particularly IgG and IgA, are correlated with protection against Parainfluenza virus infections.
    • Currently, no vaccine is available for Parainfluenza viruses, with parental immunity being crucial.
    • Infants are most likely to be seropositive for Parainfluenza type 3, and transmission occurs via respiratory droplets.

    Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)

    • RSV is part of the Paramyxoviridae family and is comparable in size to Parainfluenza viruses.
    • There are two serotypes of RSV, known as A and B.
    • RSV is primarily transmitted through direct contact with respiratory secretions.
    • The highest seroprevalence for RSV is seen in children under two years of age.
    • In young children, RSV primarily infects the lower respiratory tract, leading to symptoms like wheezing and cough.
    • RSV infections can be severe in infants, reflecting in higher hospitalization rates.
    • The RSV season typically peaks in fall and winter in northern climates.
    • Major risk factors for RSV infection include prematurity, congenital heart disease, and exposure to secondhand smoke.
    • RSV enters the body through the respiratory tract, establishing infections in the nasopharynx.

    Rhinovirus

    • Rhinoviruses belong to the Picornaviridae family and are small, non-enveloped viruses.
    • They are stable only at certain pH levels, typically better replicating at a higher temperature around 33°C.
    • Rhinoviruses show lower stability at a low pH compared to enteroviruses.
    • Rhinovirus has a single-stranded RNA genome and primarily infects the upper respiratory tract.
    • Rhinovirus attaches to intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in the nasal passages.
    • Rhinoviruses spread mainly through respiratory droplets and direct contact with contaminated surfaces.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on respiratory viruses with this quiz! Learn about the major causes of lower respiratory disease in children, including Influenza, Parainfluenza virus, Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV), Rhinovirus, Coronavirus, and Adenovirus. Gain a general background on influenza viruses as well. Challenge yourself and expand your understanding of these infectious agents!

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