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Questions and Answers
What does classical conditioning primarily involve?
Who is known for developing the principles of operant conditioning?
What is the primary focus of behaviorism?
What concept does the 'black box of cognition' represent?
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Which psychologist is associated with the cognitive revolution?
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What is one of Edward Chase Tolman's significant contributions to psychology?
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What role did Claude Shannon play in psychology?
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What is the main idea behind behaviorism in childrearing?
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What does the mind enable individuals to do?
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What is information overload?
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Which option describes sensory input?
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Which cognitive process allows for selective concentration on one aspect of the environment?
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What foundational concepts did Avicenna contribute to?
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What does memory primarily enable individuals to do?
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What significant contribution did Hasan Ibn al-Haytham make to science?
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Which text explores the nature of light and vision?
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What is the primary purpose of dichotic listening in psychological experiments?
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What did the cognitive revolution emphasize that challenged behaviorism?
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In the computational analogy, what do 'programs' represent?
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Which of the following accurately describes what structural models illustrate?
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What distinguishes cognitive psychology from cognitive neuroscience?
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What does biological plausibility refer to in cognitive theories?
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What is the primary aim of electrophysiology in psychological studies?
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What foundational text did Gustav Fechner write that established principles of measuring sensory perception?
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What does neuronal selectivity indicate about certain neurons?
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Which branch of psychology studies the relationships between physical stimuli and sensations?
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Which psychologist is considered the 'father of experimental psychology'?
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What does the term 'detection' refer to in the context of perception?
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What is the main focus of structuralism in psychology?
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Which psychologist was known for introducing the concept of structuralism?
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What distinguishes conscious cognition from unconscious cognition?
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What was Ivan Pavlov's main contribution to psychology?
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Study Notes
The Mind
- The mind is responsible for our cognitive abilities—consciousness, perception, thinking, judgment, memory, and self-awareness.
Information in Cognitive Psychology
- It refers to the data processed by the brain.
- This data can be perceived, stored, and retrieved to guide our behavior and decision-making.
Sensory Input
- The raw data our brains receive through our sensory organs.
- Examples include:
- Sight from our eyes
- Sound from our ears
- Touch from our skin
Attention
- The cognitive process of selectively focusing on one aspect of our environment while ignoring others.
- Allows us to process relevant information effectively.
Information Overload
- Occurs when the amount of input to a system exceeds its processing capacity.
- This leads to difficulties in decision-making and cognitive processing.
Memory
- Enables the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information over time.
- Allows us to recall past experiences and knowledge.
Information Manipulation
- The process of changing, organizing, or transforming information.
- This is done to facilitate understanding or problem-solving.
The Edwin Smith Medical Papyrus
- Ancient Egyptian medical text.
- Provides insights into early surgical practices and the understanding of anatomy.
Abu Ali Sina (Avicenna)
- Persian polymath.
- His works in philosophy and medicine laid foundational concepts in both fields.
- Notably, his work "The Book of Healing."
The Book of the Cure
- Philosophical and scientific treatise by Avicenna.
- Covers various subjects including logic, natural sciences, and medicine.
Hasan Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen)
- Medieval Arab scholar.
- His work in optics laid the groundwork for the scientific method and modern optics.
The Book of Optics
- Significant work by Alhazen.
- Explores the nature of light and vision, including the laws of reflection and refraction.
Gustav Fechner
- German philosopher and experimental psychologist.
- Known for founding psychophysics.
- Explored the relationship between physical stimuli and perception.
Elemente der Psychophysik
- Foundational text by Fechner.
- Established principles of measuring sensory perception and its relationship with physical stimuli.
Psychophysics
- Branch of psychology that studies the relationships between physical stimuli and the sensations and perceptions they produce.
Franciscus Donders
- Dutch physiologist.
- Pioneer in cognitive psychology.
- His work focused on reaction time research and mental chronometry.
Detection vs Selection
- Detection involves perceiving stimuli.
- Selection involves focusing attention on specific stimuli among competing inputs.
Wilhelm Wundt
- Considered the "father of experimental psychology."
- Established the first psychology laboratory.
- Emphasized introspection as a method of studying the mind.
Introspection
- Examination of one's conscious thoughts and feelings.
- Used to gain insight into mental processes.
Variability, Verification (vis Introspection)
- Variability in introspection refers to the differences in individual reports of conscious experience.
- Verification involves the challenge of confirming subjective experiences objectively.
Edward Bradford Titchener
- English psychologist who introduced structuralism.
- Emphasized the analysis of consciousness through introspection.
Structuralism
- Psychological theory that seeks to understand the structure of the mind by analyzing its components through introspection.
Margaret Floy Washburn
- First woman to earn a Ph.D. in psychology in the United States.
- Made significant contributions to comparative psychology and the study of consciousness.
Conscious vs Unconscious Cognition
- Conscious cognition involves awareness and intentional thought processes.
- Unconscious cognition encompasses automatic or involuntary mental processes.
Ivan Pavlov
- Russian physiologist.
- Best known for his research on classical conditioning.
- Demonstrated how associative learning occurs through the pairing of stimuli.
Classical Conditioning
- Learning process in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus.
- Leads to a conditioned response.
J.B. Watson
- American psychologist.
- Established behaviorism.
- Emphasized observable behavior over internal mental processes in psychological research.
Behaviorism
- Psychological approach that focuses on studying observable behaviors and the ways they are learned and reinforced.
Operant Conditioning
- Learning process in which behavior is shaped and maintained by reinforcement or punishment following the behavior.
B.F. Skinner
- American psychologist and behaviorist.
- Developed the principles of operant conditioning.
- His work focused on reinforcement schedules.
The Black Box of Cognition
- Conceptual model in psychology.
- Internal mental processes are not observable.
- Must be inferred from behavior.
Behaviorism and Childrearing
- Emphasizes the use of reinforcement and punishment to shape children's behavior.
- Often advocates for structured environments.
The “Cognitive Revolution”
- Shift in psychology during the mid-20th century.
- Focused on understanding mental processes and cognition.
- Moved away from strict behaviorism.
Ulrich Neisser
- American psychologist.
- Known for his work in cognitive psychology.
- Coined the term "cognitive psychology."
Claude Shannon
- American mathematician and electrical engineer.
- Known as the father of information theory.
- This field quantifies information transmission and processing.
Dom Thomas Verner Moore
- British psychologist.
- Work focused on the psychology of perception and cognition.
Edward Chase Tolman
- American psychologist.
- Known for his work in cognitive maps and latent learning.
- Demonstrated that learning can occur without immediate reinforcement.
Rats in Mazes
- Classic experimental model used to study learning and memory.
- Demonstrated how animals form cognitive maps of their environment.
Colin Cherry
- British psychologist.
- Known for his research on selective attention.
- Particularly through the dichotic listening paradigm.
Dichotic Listening
- Psychological experiment where two different audio streams are presented to each ear.
- Used to study attention and auditory processing.
What Happened to the Behaviorists?
- Faced challenges from the cognitive revolution.
- This led to the integration of cognitive and behavioral approaches in psychology.
The Computational Analogy
- Compares the mind to a computer.
- Suggests that mental processes can be understood in terms of input, processing, and output.
Inputs, Programs, and Outputs in the Analogy
- Inputs are the sensory information received by the mind.
- Programs represent the mental processes that manipulate the information.
- Outputs are the behavioral responses.
Process Models
- Representations of the mental processes involved in cognitive tasks.
- Illustrate how information is transformed and used.
Structural Models
- Represent the organization of cognitive processes and systems.
- Often depicted visually to illustrate relationships among different components of cognition.
Cognitive Psychology vs. Cognitive Neuroscience
- Cognitive psychology focuses on mental processes and behaviors.
- Cognitive neuroscience examines the neural mechanisms underlying these cognitive processes.
Biological Plausibility
- Refers to the extent to which cognitive theories align with known biological processes and structures in the brain.
Electrophysiology
- The study of electrical properties of biological cells and tissues.
- Used in investigating neuronal activity and communication.
fMRI
- Functional magnetic resonance imaging.
- Neuroimaging technique that measures brain activity.
- Detects changes in blood flow associated with neural activity.
EEG
- Electroencephalography.
- Technique used to record electrical activity in the brain.
- Provides insights into the timing and patterns of brain activity.
Neuronal Selectivity
- Ability of specific neurons to respond preferentially to certain stimuli or features.
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