HIV Life Cycle and Infection Stages

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Questions and Answers

What is the correct order of the seven stages of the HIV life cycle?

Fusion, Binding, Reverse Transcription, Replication, Integration, Assembly, Budding

Binding, Fusion, Replication, Integration, Assembly, Reverse Transcription, Budding

Budding, Assembly, Integration, Reverse Transcription, Binding, Fusion, Replication

Binding, Fusion, Reverse Transcription, Integration, Replication, Assembly, Budding (correct)

During which stage of HIV infection are symptoms like headache and sore throat most likely to occur?

Acute HIV infection (correct)

AIDS

Symptomatic HIV infection

Chronic HIV infection

What distinguishes the Clinical Latency stage from the Acute HIV Infection stage?

High levels of HIV replication

The presence of severe symptoms

The progression to AIDS

Low levels of HIV replication with potential asymptomatic status (correct)

What is the final stage of HIV infection known as?

AIDS Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is least likely to be associated with Acute HIV Infection?

Weight loss Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the Clinical Latency stage is true?

Individuals can stay in this stage for several years without treatment. Signup and view all the answers

What role do CD4 cells play in relation to HIV?

HIV uses them to replicate and spread. Signup and view all the answers

What effect does untreated HIV eventually have on the body?

Weakening of the immune system over time Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes HIV?

HIV is a retrovirus that primarily attacks CD4 T cells. Signup and view all the answers

How is HIV primarily transmitted from an infected individual to others?

Via sexual contact, sharing needles, or from mother to child. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic that distinguishes HIV 1 from HIV 2?

HIV 1 progresses to AIDS more rapidly than HIV 2. Signup and view all the answers

What is the origin of HIV infection in humans?

It jumped from chimpanzees to humans through blood contact. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a method of HIV transmission?

Via food contaminated with the virus. Signup and view all the answers

What role do CD4 T cells play in the human body?

They help fight disease and infections. Signup and view all the answers

In what region is HIV 2 predominantly found?

West Africa Signup and view all the answers

What significant change occurs if HIV is not treated?

It can lead to the development of AIDS. Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the new HIV infections in the US in 2006 were attributed to male-male sexual contact?

53% Signup and view all the answers

How many total new HIV infections were estimated in the US for 2006?

56,300 Signup and view all the answers

Which category had the highest percentage of new HIV infections in 2006?

Male-Male Sexual Contact Signup and view all the answers

What was the prevalence of HIV in the US population in 2006?

0.4% Signup and view all the answers

Which target was NOT set by the SNAP program in Sudan?

Reduce sexual transmission of HIV by 25% by 2012 Signup and view all the answers

What was the estimated number of persons living with HIV in the US in 2006?

1,106,400 Signup and view all the answers

In Sudan, what was the prevalence rate of HIV among those aged 15-49?

0.2-0.3% Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of CD4 cells in relation to HIV?

Regulate immune responses Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of antigen/antibody tests for HIV?

To detect both antibodies and viral proteins in the blood Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms are commonly associated with AIDS?

Extreme tiredness and oral thrush Signup and view all the answers

What factor may decrease the risk of HIV transmission?

Condom use during sexual activities Signup and view all the answers

How long can antibody tests typically take to detect HIV after exposure?

23 to 90 days Signup and view all the answers

What is the most accurate statement regarding the types of HIV treatment available?

HIV treatment can involve both pills and shots Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about HIV testing is accurate?

No HIV test can detect the virus immediately after infection Signup and view all the answers

What is a common clinical manifestation of AIDS in relation to lymphatic symptoms?

Prolonged swelling of lymph glands Signup and view all the answers

Which of these factors is a potential risk factor for HIV transmission?

Presence of sexually transmitted diseases Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

HIV is a retrovirus attacking the body's immune system
It's an RNA virus with a protective envelope
Untreated HIV can progress to AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome)
Two types exist: HIV-1 (more common, widespread, and rapidly progressing) and HIV-2 (primarily in West Africa)

Objectives of the Lecture

Students will learn the definition of HIV
They will understand the epidemiology of HIV
They will be familiar with the clinical picture of HIV
They will know the stages of HIV infection
They will grasp prevention and control strategies for HIV

What is HIV?

HIV targets and destroys CD4 T cells, crucial for immune function
CD4 cells are white blood cells essential in fighting infections
The virus uses the cells' machinery to replicate and spread throughout the body

How is HIV Caused?

HIV transmission occurs through sexual contact
It can also be spread through contaminated needles (unclean drug use, or sharing of needles)
Transfer via blood contact from infected individuals to others, or through contact with infected blood
HIV can even be transmitted from a mother to her child during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding.

Where did HIV Come From?

HIV originated from chimpanzees in Central Africa.
The virus likely transferred to humans through contact with chimpanzee blood during hunting for meat
HIV has existed in the United States since the mid- to late-1970s and spread across Africa and the world

HIV Incidence and Prevalence

HIV incidence: Number of new HIV infections within a particular period
HIV prevalence: Number of people living with HIV in a population at a given time

Estimated New HIV Infections (Extended Model)

Shows the incidence of new infections.
A notable point was reached in 2006.

Estimated Number of AIDS Cases (US 1985-2006)

Shows the number of AIDS cases over time
High point was reached in the mid 1990s
Implementation of the 1993 definition likely attributed to the decline.

Estimated Rates of New HIV Infections (US, 2006, by Race/Ethnicity)

Racial disparities in new infections in the USA.

Estimated HIV Incidence (US, 2006, by Transmission Category)

Shows the HIV infection incidence in the US in 2006 by category of transmission method
Shows percentage of new infections by each transmission method.

Estimated HIV Prevalence (US, 2006)

The number of people living with HIV in the U.S. during 2006.

HIV in Sudan (2014 Report)

Sudan is surrounded by countries with high HIV prevalence
HIV prevalence in the 15-49 age group is low (0.2-0.3%)
Around 49,000 adults and 23,000 women of age 15 and over live currently with HIV in the country

HIV Life Cycle

HIV attacks CD4 T lymphocytes (cells central to the immune system)
HIV uses the host cell's machinery to replicate and multiply
This process occurs in seven stages; binding, fusion, reverse transcription, integration, replication, assembly, and budding

What are the Symptoms of HIV?

HIV symptoms vary according to infection stages
This may include varying symptoms in the three stages

HIV Tests for Screening and Diagnosis

HIV antibody tests can detect HIV after a certain period following infection
Antigen/antibody tests can detect HIV sooner
Different test methods exist (antibody, antigen/antibody, or nucleic acid tests)

HIV Risk and Prevention

Factors increasing HIV risk: sexually transmitted infections, acute/late stage HIV, or high viral load
Factors decreasing risk: condom use, male circumcision, antiretroviral treatment, and pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP)

What is HIV Treatment?

Antiretroviral therapy (ART) involves taking medications as prescribed, reducing the viral load of HIV, and helping maintain a good health status.
HIV treatment options include pills and, in certain situations, shots. There are several FDA approved pills.

Prevention in general

Consistent use of condoms
Sterile needles and syringes for all injections
Get tested if you are sexually active
Take medications where indicated(PrEP) especially during pregnancy to reduce mother-to-child transmission

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Description

Test your knowledge on the seven stages of the HIV life cycle and the symptoms associated with each stage. Understand the differences between Acute HIV Infection and Clinical Latency, as well as the role of CD4 cells and methods of transmission. This quiz covers key aspects of HIV infection and its impact on the human body.