HIV Life Cycle and Stages of HIV Disease

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of CD4+ T cells in the immune system?

Directly kill cancer cells

Regulate blood pressure

Produce antibodies

Activate other immune cells (correct)

Which opportunistic infections are commonly associated with HIV/AIDS?

Strep throat and viral gastroenteritis

Tuberculosis and pneumocystis pneumonia (correct)

Common cold and influenza

Sinus infections and allergies

An example of a primary immunodeficiency disorder is?

Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) (correct)

HIV/AIDS

Lupus

Type 1 diabetes

Which of the following is a recognized cause of secondary immunodeficiencies?

Malnutrition Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a stage in the HIV lifecycle?

Replication of RNA into DNA by reverse transcriptase Signup and view all the answers

What is an effective method for reducing the risk of HIV transmission during sexual activity?

Abstinence Signup and view all the answers

In what way can sharing personal hygiene items, such as razors, increase the risk of HIV transmission?

It can transfer infected blood and body fluids Signup and view all the answers

What psychosocial care measure is essential for clients with HIV?

Education on prevention Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between primary and secondary immunodeficiencies?

Primary immunodeficiencies are genetic, while secondary are caused by external factors. Signup and view all the answers

What is a common example of a primary immunodeficiency?

DiGeorge’s Syndrome Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a cause of secondary immunodeficiencies?

Nutritional deficiencies Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of the HIV lifecycle involves the integration of HIV DNA into the host cell's DNA?

Integration Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is a method of HIV transmission?

Sharing of infected medical equipment Signup and view all the answers

What is primarily compromised in individuals suffering from HIV/AIDS?

The immune system's ability to fight infections Signup and view all the answers

Which of these conditions is NOT classified under primary immunodeficiencies?

HIV infection Signup and view all the answers

What type of body fluid is NOT typically associated with HIV transmission?

Urine Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of glycoproteins GP120 and GP41 during the initial stage of the HIV life cycle?

They bind to the host's CD4+ receptors and coreceptors. Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is NOT emptied into the CD4+ T cell during HIV uncoating?

RNA polymerase Signup and view all the answers

What is produced during the DNA synthesis stage of the HIV life cycle?

Double-stranded DNA Signup and view all the answers

In the integration stage of HIV infection, what occurs to the viral DNA?

It is mixed with the CD4+ T cell's DNA. Signup and view all the answers

What does transcription produce in the HIV life cycle?

Messenger RNA (mRNA) Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the cleavage stage of the HIV life cycle?

The polyprotein chain is cut into individual proteins. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the acute HIV infection stage?

Widespread dissemination and high levels of viral replication. Signup and view all the answers

During symptomatic HIV infection, what is a common symptom?

Candidiasis Signup and view all the answers

What process allows the newly formed HIV to exit the host cell?

Budding Signup and view all the answers

What role does reverse transcriptase play in the HIV life cycle?

It converts viral RNA into DNA. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

HIV Life Cycle

HIV glycoproteins (GP120 and GP41) bind to the host's CD4+ receptor and chemokine coreceptors (CCR5), causing fusion with the CD4+ T cell membrane.
HIV's viral core (two single-stranded RNA molecules and three enzymes: reverse transcriptase, integrase, and protease) is released into the CD4+ T cell.
Reverse transcriptase converts viral RNA to double-stranded DNA.
Integrase inserts the viral DNA into the CD4+ T cell's nucleus, creating a permanent infection.
The integrated DNA transcribes messenger RNA (mRNA), which then translates into polyproteins.
HIV protease cleaves the polyproteins into individual proteins needed for new viruses.
New viral RNA and proteins bud from the infected CD4+ T cell, restarting the cycle. Each cell produces hundreds of new virions.

Stages of HIV Disease

Acute HIV Infection/Primary Infection: CD4+ T cell count is 2500/μL or higher. A window period exists where initial tests may be negative. Symptoms may include fever, lymphadenopathy, pharyngitis, rash, myalgias, and arthralgias. Widespread dissemination and high viral replication occur.
Symptomatic HIV Infection: CD4+ T cell count is 2200-499/μL. Symptoms can include candidiasis, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, peripheral neuropathy, prolonged fever (>38.5°C), or diarrhea lasting over a month, indicating a compromised immune system.

HIV Transmission

High-risk bodily fluids include blood, seminal fluid, vaginal secretions, and amniotic fluid.
Transmission occurs through sharing infected injection drug use equipment, sexual relations with infected individuals, and perinatal transmission (mother to child during birth or breastfeeding). Organ transplants, HIV-infected blood, or blood products also pose a risk.

Immunodeficiencies

Primary Immunodeficiencies: Result from improper development of immune cells and tissues; mainly genetic disorders seen in children (e.g., DiGeorge's syndrome - thymic hypoplasia).
Secondary Immunodeficiencies: Conditions interfering with normal immune response development or expression (e.g., HIV/AIDS).

HIV and CD4 Cells

HIV attacks CD4+ T cells, weakening the immune system and making individuals susceptible to opportunistic infections. CD4 and CD8 are markers found on lymphocytes.

HIV Prevention (ABCDEP) Note: The text only partially outlines prevention strategy. The full strategy is not detailed.

Abstinence
Being mutually monogamous
Avoiding multiple partners
Use of condoms and soluble lubricants.

Implementation of HIV Prevention Among Healthcare Workers

Boiling equipment (20 minutes)
Dishwashing with hot water and air drying
Laundry using bleach
Avoiding sharing razors and toothbrushes

Implementation of HIV Prevention Among Clients

Client education and counseling on disease transmission (blood and body fluids).
Promoting safe sex practices (abstinence, monogamy, avoiding multiple partners, condom use).
Promoting self-care and safety.
Providing psychosocial care.

AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome)

The advanced stage of HIV infection.
Clinically manifested by opportunistic infections and unusual neoplasms.
Long incubation period (sometimes up to 10 years or more).

AIDS Transmission

Sexual exposure to genital secretions from an infected person.
Parenteral exposure to infected blood and tissues.
Perinatal transmission via maternal secretions during birth or breastfeeding.

High-Risk Groups for AIDS

Individuals engaging in risky behaviors as outlined in the transmission section.

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Description

This quiz covers the intricate details of the HIV life cycle, including the binding of HIV glycoproteins, viral RNA conversion, and the transcription process within host cells. It also outlines the stages of HIV disease, emphasizing the primary infection phase and its implications for CD4+ T cell counts. Test your knowledge on these critical aspects of HIV biology and disease progression.