HIV & AIDS PDF

Human immune deficiency virus (HIV) By D.Afkar Awad Morgan MBBS-MPH-MD  Objectives of lecture: students are able to understand: -Definition Epidemiology -clinical picture -stages -prevention and control  Contents Subtitle Su...

Human immune deficiency virus (HIV) By D.Afkar Awad Morgan MBBS-MPH-MD  Objectives of lecture: students are able to understand: -Definition Epidemiology -clinical picture -stages -prevention and control  Contents Subtitle Subtitle Subtitle Subtitle Click here to add the Click here to add the Click here to add the text,Click here to add text,Click here to add text,Click here to add the text, the text, the text, 01 What HIV What is HIV? HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is a retrovirus virus that attacks the body’s immune system ,it is two strand RNA virus spherical shape with protective enevelope. If HIV is not treated, it can lead to AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome).there are 2 types of virusHIV 1 ,HIV 2 which is limited toWest Africa.HIV 1 transmited more easy than HIV 2 and progress rapidly to AIDS.  How is HIV caused? Subtitle 02 ADD HERE TO ADD TITLE HIV is caused by a virus. It can spread through sexual contact, illicit injection drug use or sharing needles, contact with infected blood, or from mother to child during pregnancy, childbirth or breastfeeding. HIV destroys CD4 T cells — white blood cells that play a large role in helping your body fight disease. Click here to add the text, Where did HIV come from? HIV infection in humans came from a type of chimpanzee in Central Africa. Studies show that HIV may have jumped from chimpanzees to humans as far back as the late 1800s. The chimpanzee version of the virus is called simian immunodeficiency virus. It was probably passed to humans Click here to add the text, when humans hunted these chimpanzees for meat and came in contact with their infected blood. Over decades, HIV slowly spread across Africa and later into other parts of the world. The virus has existed in the United States since at least the mid to late 1970s. HIV Incidence and Prevalence Source: Hall HI, et al. JAMA. 2008;300:520-9. HIV Incidence. The number of people who HIV Prevalence. The number of people living become newly infected with HIV in a given with HIV in a population at a point in time. period. Estimated New HIV Infections, Extended Back Calculation Model, 50 US States and DC, 1977-2006 HIV Incidence Estimated 56,300 new HIV infections in US in 2006 Source: Hall HI, et al. JAMA. 2008;300:520-9.  Estimated Number of AIDS Cases in US, 1985-2006 Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention  Estimated Rates of New HIV Infections in US, by Race/Ethnicity, 2006 Source: Hall HI, et al. JAMA. 2008;300:520-9.  Estimated HIV Incidence in US, by Transmission Category, 2006 Total = 56,300 Male-Male Sexual Contact Male-Male Sex & Injection (53%) Drug Use (4%) Injection Drug Use (12%) High-Risk Heterosexual Contact (31%) Source: Hall HI, et al. JAMA. 2008;300:520-9. Estimated HIV Prevalence in US, 2006 1,106,400 Persons Living with HIV in US Prevalence Rate = 448/100,000 population 0.4% of Population Living with HIV Source: CDC. MMWR. 2008;57:1073-6.  Sudan is borderd by 7 counteries in which HIV is highly prevalent so it is susceptible to incidence of HIV in report 2014: Prevalence in age 15-49 is 0.2%-0.3% rating as low epidemic country Age 15 and above living with HIV is 49.000 Women age 15and above living with HIV is 23.000 Age related death 2.900 In 2004 government developed policy to address the problem and adopted SNAP program (sudan national AIDS control program 2010-2011) which set up many targets as Target 1: Reduce sexual transmission of HIV by 50 per cent by 2012 Target 2: Reduce transmission of HIV among IDU by 50% by 2015 Target 3: Eliminate mother-to-child transmission of HIV by 2015 and substantially reduce AIDS related maternal deaths  What is HIV life cycle HIV attacks and destroys the CD4 cells (CD4 T lymphocyte) of the immune system. CD4 cells are a type of white blood cell that play a major role in protecting the body from infection. HIV uses the machinery of the CD4 cells to multiply and spread throughout the body. This process, which is carried out in seven steps or stages, is called the HIV life cycle. What are the seven stages of the HIV life cycle? The seven stages of the HIV life cycle are: 1) binding, 2) fusion, 3) reverse transcription, 4) integration, 5) replication, 6) assembly, and 7) budding.  What Are the Symptoms of HIV? There are several symptoms of HIV. Not everyone will have the same symptoms. It depends on the person and what stage of the disease they are in.Below are the three stages of HIV and some of the symptoms people may experience.  HIV infection happens in three stages. Without treatment, it gets worse over time and eventually overpowers your immune system. Your symptoms will depend on your stage First Stage: Acute HIV Infection Symptoms Most people don't know right away when they've been infected with HIV. But they may have symptoms within 2 to 6 weeks after they’ve gotten the virus. This is when your body's immune system puts up a fight. It's called acute retroviral syndrome or primary HIV infection Headache Fatigue Aching muscles Sore throat Swollen lymph nodes  Second Stage: Clinical Latency Symptoms In this stage, the virus still multiplies, but at very low levels. People in this stage may not feel sick or have any symptoms. This stage is also called chronic HIV infection. Without HIV treatment, people can stay in this stage for 10 or 15 years, but some move through this stage faster.  Stage 3:ADIS If you have HIV and you are not on HIV treatment, eventually the virus will weaken your body’s immune system and you will progress to AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). This is the late stage of HIV infection. Symptoms of AIDS can include: Rapid weight loss Recurring fever or profuse night sweats Extreme and unexplained tiredness Prolonged swelling of the lymph glands in the armpits, groin, or neck Diarrhea that lasts for more than a week Sores of the mouth, anus, or genitals Pneumonia Oral thrush  HIV Tests for Screening and Diagnosis HIV tests are very accurate, but no test can detect the virus immediately after infection. How soon a test can detect HIV depends on the type of test being used. There are three types of HIV tests: antibody tests, antigen/antibody tests, and nucleic acid tests (NAT). Antibody tests look for 1... Antibody tests look for antibodies to HIV in a person’s blood or oral fluid. Antibody testscan take 23 to 90 days to detect HIV after exposure. Most rapid tests and the only FDA-approved HIV self-test are antibody tests. In general, antibody tests that use blood from a vein can detect HIV sooner after infection than tests done with blood from a finger stick or with oral fluid. 2...Antigen/antibody tests look for both HIV antibodies and antigens. Antibodies are produced by a person’s immune system when they’re exposed to viruses like HIV. Antigens are foreign substances that cause a person’s immune system to activate. If a person has HIV, an antigen called p24 is produced before antibodies develop. Antigen/antibody tests are recommended for testing done in labs and are common in the United States  HIV Risk and Prevention 1... Factors that may increase the risk of HIV transmission include sexually transmitted diseases, acute and late-stage HIV infection, and high viral load.. 2.....Factors that may decrease the risk include condom use, male circumcision, antiretroviral treatment, and pre-exposure prophylaxis. None of these factors are accounted for in the estimates presented in the table.  What is HIV treatment? treatment (antiretroviral therapy or ART) involves taking medicine as prescribed by a health care provider. HIV treatment reduces the amount of HIV in your body and helps you stay healthy. There is no cure for HIV, but you can control it with HIV treatment. Are there different types of HIV treatment? 1..There are two types of HIV treatment: pills and shots. Pills are recommended for people who are just starting HIV treatment. There are many FDA-approved single pill and combination medicines available. 2....People who have had an undetectable viral load (or have been virally suppressed) for at least three months may consider shots. prevention