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Questions and Answers
What classification is given to antigens that are typically expressed on embryonic cells but can also appear on tumors?
What classification is given to antigens that are typically expressed on embryonic cells but can also appear on tumors?
Why is ABO blood type incompatibility between a mother and her fetus typically not a significant risk factor for hemolytic anemia in newborns?
Why is ABO blood type incompatibility between a mother and her fetus typically not a significant risk factor for hemolytic anemia in newborns?
Which mechanism allows tumor cells to evade elimination by the adaptive immune system?
Which mechanism allows tumor cells to evade elimination by the adaptive immune system?
What is the MOST effective method for reducing the incidence of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) in a bone marrow transplant recipient?
What is the MOST effective method for reducing the incidence of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) in a bone marrow transplant recipient?
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A researcher is investigating potential cancer therapies. Which of the following strategies would be MOST likely to enhance the adaptive immune system's ability to eliminate tumor cells?
A researcher is investigating potential cancer therapies. Which of the following strategies would be MOST likely to enhance the adaptive immune system's ability to eliminate tumor cells?
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Which immune effector cell is the primary target of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)?
Which immune effector cell is the primary target of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)?
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What term describes the transplantation of tissue from one part of an individual's body to another part of the same individual's body?
What term describes the transplantation of tissue from one part of an individual's body to another part of the same individual's body?
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A patient develops a fever and chills shortly after receiving a blood transfusion. Which of the following is the LEAST likely cause, assuming standard blood banking procedures were followed?
A patient develops a fever and chills shortly after receiving a blood transfusion. Which of the following is the LEAST likely cause, assuming standard blood banking procedures were followed?
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A patient experiences a sudden drop in blood pressure, wheezing, and hives shortly after beginning a blood transfusion. Which of the following is the most likely cause?
A patient experiences a sudden drop in blood pressure, wheezing, and hives shortly after beginning a blood transfusion. Which of the following is the most likely cause?
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Which blood type can theoretically be donated to all persons, and what characteristic of this blood type makes this possible?
Which blood type can theoretically be donated to all persons, and what characteristic of this blood type makes this possible?
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In the context of tissue transplantation, what distinguishes an isograft from other types of grafts?
In the context of tissue transplantation, what distinguishes an isograft from other types of grafts?
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A patient receiving a blood transfusion develops fever and chills after two hours. The blood transfusion is immediately stopped, and the patient is given intravenous normal saline. Thirty minutes later, the patient’s temperature normalizes, blood pressure improves, and pulse rate decreases. Which of the following immunological mechanisms is LEAST likely to have directly caused the initial febrile reaction?
A patient receiving a blood transfusion develops fever and chills after two hours. The blood transfusion is immediately stopped, and the patient is given intravenous normal saline. Thirty minutes later, the patient’s temperature normalizes, blood pressure improves, and pulse rate decreases. Which of the following immunological mechanisms is LEAST likely to have directly caused the initial febrile reaction?
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A patient experiencing anaphylaxis following a blood transfusion is most likely experiencing a reaction mediated by which type of antibody?
A patient experiencing anaphylaxis following a blood transfusion is most likely experiencing a reaction mediated by which type of antibody?
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Which of the following is the best example of a Type III hypersensitivity reaction?
Which of the following is the best example of a Type III hypersensitivity reaction?
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A 52-year-old woman presents with pain during intercourse, difficulty swallowing (especially bread and crackers), and bilateral parotid gland enlargement. Which condition is LEAST likely to be associated with these findings?
A 52-year-old woman presents with pain during intercourse, difficulty swallowing (especially bread and crackers), and bilateral parotid gland enlargement. Which condition is LEAST likely to be associated with these findings?
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A 48-year-old woman with difficulty swallowing, itchy eyes with a gritty feeling, and bilateral parotid gland enlargement most likely has antibodies against which of the following?
A 48-year-old woman with difficulty swallowing, itchy eyes with a gritty feeling, and bilateral parotid gland enlargement most likely has antibodies against which of the following?
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A 27-year-old African American woman presents with malaise, joint pain, and a facial rash that worsens with sun exposure. Which of the following lab results, if positive, would best confirm a diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)?
A 27-year-old African American woman presents with malaise, joint pain, and a facial rash that worsens with sun exposure. Which of the following lab results, if positive, would best confirm a diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)?
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A 40-year-old man presents with fatigue, hemoptysis, proteinuria, and hematuria. Renal biopsy shows a smooth, linear pattern of glomerular IgG staining. Which lab finding would best confirm the diagnosis?
A 40-year-old man presents with fatigue, hemoptysis, proteinuria, and hematuria. Renal biopsy shows a smooth, linear pattern of glomerular IgG staining. Which lab finding would best confirm the diagnosis?
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A 23-year-old woman has intermittent hand stiffness and pain, fatigue, knee and chest pain. Labs show anemia, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, and proteinuria. Which test is most likely ordered to confirm diagnosis?
A 23-year-old woman has intermittent hand stiffness and pain, fatigue, knee and chest pain. Labs show anemia, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, and proteinuria. Which test is most likely ordered to confirm diagnosis?
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A 45-year-old woman has progressive dyspnea, nonproductive cough, dysphagia, Raynaud phenomenon, and thickened skin on her face, hands, arms, and trunk, in addition to crackles in the lungs. What condition is suspected?
A 45-year-old woman has progressive dyspnea, nonproductive cough, dysphagia, Raynaud phenomenon, and thickened skin on her face, hands, arms, and trunk, in addition to crackles in the lungs. What condition is suspected?
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Which of the following is the most accurate definition of a hypersensitivity reaction?
Which of the following is the most accurate definition of a hypersensitivity reaction?
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Which of the following is classified as a Type IV hypersensitivity reaction?
Which of the following is classified as a Type IV hypersensitivity reaction?
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A 15-year-old girl receiving an allogeneic bone marrow transplant develops a skin rash, jaundice, and diarrhea a month after the transplant. Which mechanism is most likely responsible for these complications?
A 15-year-old girl receiving an allogeneic bone marrow transplant develops a skin rash, jaundice, and diarrhea a month after the transplant. Which mechanism is most likely responsible for these complications?
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Which of the following viruses has a well-established link to oncogenesis (cancer development)?
Which of the following viruses has a well-established link to oncogenesis (cancer development)?
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Which of the following is NOT true about hypersensitivity reactions?
Which of the following is NOT true about hypersensitivity reactions?
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A patient presents with symptoms suggestive of an autoimmune disorder. Which of the following best describes the PRIMARY underlying mechanism of such disorders?
A patient presents with symptoms suggestive of an autoimmune disorder. Which of the following best describes the PRIMARY underlying mechanism of such disorders?
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In graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), which of the following components is primarily responsible for the tissue damage observed in the host?
In graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), which of the following components is primarily responsible for the tissue damage observed in the host?
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What is a common characteristic of Type I hypersensitivity reactions?
What is a common characteristic of Type I hypersensitivity reactions?
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Flashcards
HIV target
HIV target
HIV primarily targets CD4 expressing T cells, leading to immune dysfunction.
Type of graft: autograft
Type of graft: autograft
Autograft is the transplantation of tissue from one site to another on the same individual.
Transfusion fever cause
Transfusion fever cause
Fever after transfusion often results from recipient antibodies reacting to donor plasma proteins.
Acute transfusion reaction
Acute transfusion reaction
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Type O blood donation
Type O blood donation
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Allograft
Allograft
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ABO incompatibility
ABO incompatibility
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Cytokines from leukocytes
Cytokines from leukocytes
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Oncofetal antigens
Oncofetal antigens
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ABO blood type incompatibility
ABO blood type incompatibility
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Isohemagglutinins are IgM
Isohemagglutinins are IgM
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PD-L1 expression in tumors
PD-L1 expression in tumors
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Reducing graft-versus-host disease
Reducing graft-versus-host disease
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Type III immune complex disease
Type III immune complex disease
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Antibodies associated with Sjögren's syndrome
Antibodies associated with Sjögren's syndrome
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Antinuclear antibody (ANA)
Antinuclear antibody (ANA)
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Type IV hypersensitivity reaction
Type IV hypersensitivity reaction
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Oncogenic virus
Oncogenic virus
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Hypersensitivity reaction
Hypersensitivity reaction
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Sjögren's syndrome symptoms
Sjögren's syndrome symptoms
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Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
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Renal biopsy findings
Renal biopsy findings
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Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies
Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies
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Donor CD8 T-cells in transplant
Donor CD8 T-cells in transplant
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Fatigue and hemoptysis
Fatigue and hemoptysis
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Chronic dry cough and difficulty swallowing
Chronic dry cough and difficulty swallowing
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Antibodies for rheumatoid arthritis
Antibodies for rheumatoid arthritis
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Study Notes
HIV and Immunology
- HIV Target: HIV primarily targets CD4 expressing T cells, weakening the immune system.
Tissue Transplantation
- Autograft: Transplantation of tissue from one part of the body to another.
- Isograft: Transplant between genetically identical individuals.
- Allograft: Transplant between genetically different individuals of the same species.
- Xenograft: Transplant between different species.
Blood Transfusion Complications
- Transfusion Reaction (Fever): Bacterial contamination of transfused blood can cause fever, chills, and other symptoms.
- Antibody Reaction (Fever): Recipient antibodies against donor plasma proteins can trigger a reaction , indicated by fever.
- ABO Incompatibility (Transfusion Reaction): ABO blood incompatibility is a dangerous situation as recipient's antibodies mistakenly target transfused red blood cells.
- Cytokine Release Syndrome (Transfusion Reaction): Cytokines released from donor white blood cells can trigger a reaction, producing symptoms like low blood pressure and wheezing.
- Leukocyte-mediated reactions (Transfusion Reaction): Donor's plasma antibodies targeting recipient's white blood cells.
Blood Types
- Universal Donor: Type O blood lacks A and B antigens.
- Universal Recipient: Type AB blood lacks antibodies to A and B antigens.
Immune Complex Diseases
- Type III Immune Complex Disease Example: Serum sickness.
Glandular Diseases
- Parotid Gland Enlargement: Parotid gland enlargement, pain during intercourse, difficulty swallowing, and dental caries can be caused by immune disorders.
- Autoimmune Etiology: Certain autoimmune diseases present with specific symptoms and lab findings, making diagnoses possible.
- Specific Antibodies: Certain antibodies are indicative of specific autoimmune diseases, helping with diagnosis
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
- Confirmed by positive results for Antinuclear antibodies (ANAs).
- Clinical presentations include facial rash, fatigue, joint pain, etc.
- Specific criteria like positive Antinuclear antibody (ANA) tests and other relevant lab findings are necessary for diagnosis.
Other Immunological Conditions
- Glomerulonephritis: Patients with this condition may exhibit proteinuria, hematuria, and fatigue. Immunofluorescent staining for human IgG would be used to confirm suspicion with a linear pattern.
- Vasculitis: characterized by inflammation of blood vessels.
- Bone Marrow Transplant Complications: Complications such as skin rash, jaundice, and diarrhea are often accompanied by immune responses like immune complex depositions in the kidneys or cytokine release reactions
- Graft-Versus-Host Disease (GVHD): This is a complication where the transplanted immune cells attack the recipient's tissues. It can be minimized by removing mature T cells from the graft.
- Oncogenic Viruses: Some viruses, like Epstein-Barr virus, can increase the risk of certain cancers.
Tumor Antigens
- Oncofetal Antigens: Antigens that are characteristic of fetal development but are also found on tumors.
ABO Incompatibility in Mother-Fetus
- IgM Antibodies: ABO incompatibility between mother and fetus commonly has no significant risk, primarily due to the IgM nature of maternal antibodies.
Immune Evasion by Tumors
- PD-L1 Expression: Many tumors evade the immune system by increasing the expression of proteins like PD-L1, which suppresses immune responses,
Minimizing GVHD
- Removing mature T cells from the graft: Removing mature T cells from the graft can reduce the risk of GVHD, allowing the recipient to accept the graft better
Hypersensitivity Reactions
- Definition: Hypersensitivity is an immune response that damages the body.
- Type IV Hypersensitivity Reaction Example: Poison ivy rash or contact dermatitis.
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Description
Test your knowledge on HIV, tissue transplantation, and blood transfusion complications. This quiz covers vital topics including the immune system's response to HIV, different types of grafts, and transfusion reactions. Perfect for students in immunology and related health fields.
