HIV and AIDS Overview Quiz
232 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What type of cells does HIV preferentially infect and kill?

  • CD4+ T lymphocytes (correct)
  • B lymphocytes
  • Natural killer cells
  • CD8+ T lymphocytes
  • What is the primary method of HIV transmission?

  • Insect bites
  • Airborne particles
  • Eating contaminated food
  • Infected blood transfer (correct)
  • What level of CD4+ T cell count is indicative of AIDS?

  • 600/mm3
  • 800/mm3
  • 1500/mm3
  • 200/mm3 (correct)
  • Which cytokine is primarily produced by Th1 CD4 T cells to enhance immune functions?

    <p>IFN-γ</p> Signup and view all the answers

    HIV is classified under which group of viruses?

    <p>Retroviruses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about HIV-1 and HIV-2 is correct?

    <p>Both HIV-1 and HIV-2 cause AIDS.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which additional cells are known to be infected by HIV besides CD4+ T lymphocytes?

    <p>Macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the genetic material of HIV composed of?

    <p>Single-stranded RNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most characteristic manifestation of AIDS?

    <p>Pneumonia caused by Pneumocystis jiroveci</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common fungal infection associated with AIDS?

    <p>Candidiasis (thrush)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which testing method provides a definitive diagnosis for HIV infection?

    <p>Western blot analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one key feature of the PCR test in HIV diagnosis?

    <p>It can detect HIV DNA in infected cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do CD4 T cells play in the immune response?

    <p>They produce cytokines to enhance immune responses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are first infected by HIV in the genital tract?

    <p>Dendritic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered an opportunistic infection associated with HIV/AIDS?

    <p>Streptococcus pneumoniae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of HIV infection on CD4 T cells?

    <p>Suppression of cell-mediated immunity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How quickly can results from the OraQuick test be obtained?

    <p>Within 20 minutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which virus is associated with disseminated herpes zoster in AIDS patients?

    <p>Herpes simplex virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are CD8 T cells also known as?

    <p>Cytotoxic T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main method used in the ELISA test for detecting HIV infection?

    <p>Detection of antibodies to the p24 protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cytokine is primarily responsible for the differentiation of CD4 T cells into the Th1 subset?

    <p>Interleukin-12 (IL-12)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which markers distinguish the roles of CD4 and CD8 T cells?

    <p>MHC class I and MHC class II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact does HIV have on the ratio of Th1 to Th2 T cells?

    <p>It causes a shift towards Th2 responses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following contributes to the killing of intracellular viruses by CD8 T cells?

    <p>Secretion of perforin and granulysin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does IFN-γ have on the differentiation of CD4 T cells?

    <p>Enhances differentiation into Th1 cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cytokines are secreted by Th2 cells to promote B cell activity?

    <p>IL-4 and IL-5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of IL-10 released from activated APCs?

    <p>Causes CD4 T cells to become Th2 cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What shift occurs in the immune response of individuals infected with HIV?

    <p>From Th1 to Th2 response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cytokine is primarily responsible for causing the differentiation of CD4 T cells into Th17 cells?

    <p>IL-23</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a consequence of the Th2 response in HIV patients?

    <p>Proliferation and activation of B cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of CCL2 in the immune response?

    <p>Macrophages and monocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major function of IL-17 produced by Th17 cells?

    <p>Attracts neutrophils to infected sites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does CCL2 play in the immune response?

    <p>It attracts various leukocytes to sites of trauma and infection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does CCL2 expression have on the immune response in HIV patients?

    <p>It correlates with viral load and Th2 cytokine response switch.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Th17 cells in the immune system?

    <p>They attract neutrophils to sites of bacterial infection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact does the loss of Th17 cells have on HIV-infected individuals?

    <p>It predisposes them to bloodstream infections from normal flora.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which immune cells are primarily responsible for responding to HIV infection?

    <p>Cytotoxic CD8-positive lymphocytes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is associated with CCL2 in the central nervous system?

    <p>It attracts HIV-infected leukocytes into the brain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the antimicrobial proteins produced by CD8 T cells that are crucial for killing host cells and viruses?

    <p>Perforin and granulysin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which immune response switch is commonly observed in HIV-1-infected patients?

    <p>From Th1 to Th2 response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant consequence of the emergence of mutant strains of HIV for CD8 T cells?

    <p>They lose their ability to control the mutant strains.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the acute stage of HIV infection, what is typically observed?

    <p>High-level viremia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do Th1 CD4 helper T cells play in the function of CD8 T cells?

    <p>They provide essential lymphokines for CD8 T cell viability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What potential misdiagnosis can occur during the acute stage of HIV infection?

    <p>False-negative serologic tests due to undetectable antibodies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is typically NOT seen during the acute stage of HIV infection?

    <p>Increased CD4 cell count.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical timeline for the appearance of antibodies after HIV infection?

    <p>3 to 4 weeks post-infection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between leukopenia and CD4 cell count during the acute stage of HIV infection?

    <p>Leukopenia occurs, but CD4 cell counts remain usually normal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected outcome in terms of viremia after resolving the acute stage of HIV infection?

    <p>A decrease in viremia after resolution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism through which HIV causes immunodeficiency?

    <p>It attacks CD4+ T lymphocytes and macrophages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cytokines is involved in maintaining T cell viability?

    <p>IL-2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these populations is most affected by HIV infections?

    <p>Sub-Saharan Africa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the HIV genome and proteins?

    <p>It is composed of two identical RNA strands and reverse transcriptase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following immune responses is compromised in individuals with AIDS?

    <p>Cytokine response from Th1 and Th17 cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes HIV-1 from HIV-2 in terms of prevalence?

    <p>HIV-1 is found worldwide while HIV-2 is primarily in West Africa.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which function is primarily associated with Th17 CD4 T cells?

    <p>Providing mucosal immunity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of HIV on CD4 T cells?

    <p>Causes their depletion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the initial infection of HIV occur in the host?

    <p>In dendritic cells of the genital tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of CD8 T cells in response to HIV infection?

    <p>They kill infected host cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does HIV affect the Th1 to Th2 cytokine balance?

    <p>Causes a shift from Th1 to Th2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of perforin produced by CD8 T cells?

    <p>To induce apoptosis in host cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which CD4 T cell subset is primarily involved in promoting cell-mediated immunity?

    <p>Th1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common opportunistic infection associated with AIDS?

    <p>Chronic bronchitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test can definitively confirm a diagnosis of HIV infection after an initial positive result?

    <p>Western blot analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of infections can result in severe neurologic problems for AIDS patients?

    <p>Any opportunistic infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the PCR test specifically detect in relation to HIV?

    <p>Viral load in plasma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of HIV is primarily targeted for antibody detection using ELISA?

    <p>p24 protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which opportunistic infection is specifically associated with the fungus Candida albicans?

    <p>Thrush</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a rapid screening test that can detect HIV antibodies using an oral swab?

    <p>OraQuick test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of individuals who become seropositive during acute infection experience asymptomatic initial infections?

    <p>13%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of having a viral load greater than 10,000 copies of viral RNA/mL of plasma?

    <p>Higher likelihood of progressing to symptomatic AIDS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the latent period of HIV infection, how long does it typically last in untreated patients?

    <p>7 to 11 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions can occur during the latent period of HIV infection?

    <p>AIDS-related complex (ARC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what CD4-positive T cell count does the frequency and severity of opportunistic infections significantly increase?

    <p>200/μL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the late stage of HIV infection, known as AIDS?

    <p>CD4 cell counts below 200/μL and increased opportunistic infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of IFN-γ in the immune response?

    <p>It enhances the effector functions of macrophages and neutrophils.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is primarily used to estimate viral load in HIV patients?

    <p>Assay for viral RNA in plasma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cytokines promote the differentiation of CD4 T cells into the Th2 subset?

    <p>IL-10 and IL-4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is NOT typically associated with AIDS-related complex (ARC)?

    <p>Rapid weight gain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of the Th2 response activation in individuals infected with HIV?

    <p>Ineffective control of intracellular pathogens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding CCL2?

    <p>The majority of CCL2 is produced by macrophages and monocytes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does IL-4 have on B cells during Th2 activation?

    <p>It induces B cell growth and differentiation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of a shift from Th1 to Th2 response in HIV-infected individuals?

    <p>Loss of immunity and susceptibility to opportunistic infections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cytokines are primarily associated with the enhancement of Th2 cell activity?

    <p>IL-4 and IL-10</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to CD8 T cells in response to emerging mutant strains of HIV?

    <p>They lose their ability to control the mutant strain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to the clinical progression to AIDS regarding cytotoxic T cells?

    <p>Death of Th1 CD4 helper T cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the common symptoms during the acute stage of HIV infection?

    <p>Fever, sore throat, and maculopapular rash.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What typically occurs in terms of viremia during the acute stage of HIV infection?

    <p>High-level viremia occurs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long after infection do antibodies to HIV typically appear?

    <p>10 to 14 days.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the implication of a negative antibody test during the acute stage of HIV infection?

    <p>The person could still be infected and contagious.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a distinguishing characteristic of the rash seen during the acute stage of HIV infection?

    <p>It is maculopapular and spares palms and soles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What indicates a potential need for further testing during the acute stage of HIV if antibody tests return negative?

    <p>High-level viremia detected through PCR.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs as a result of HIV infection that impacts the immune system?

    <p>Decrease in cell-mediated immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process describes the first phase of HIV infection?

    <p>Infection of dendritic cells in the genital tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key role of CD8 T cells in the immune response?

    <p>Killing infected host cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is typically induced by interleukin-12 (IL-12) from activated APCs?

    <p>Th1 subset differentiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the HIV infection influence CD4 T cell subsets?

    <p>Promotes Th1 to Th2 transition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What function do CD4 T cells perform in relation to B cells?

    <p>Induce B cells to produce antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells primarily recognize processed antigen peptide associated with MHC class II?

    <p>CD4 T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does a decrease in CD4 T cells have on a host?

    <p>Leads to susceptibility to opportunistic infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the primary roles of CCL2 in the immune response?

    <p>To attract leukocytes to sites of infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What immune cell population is significantly impacted by HIV leading to increased susceptibility to infections?

    <p>Th17 cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does CCL2 influence the immune response in the context of HIV infection?

    <p>By leading to a Th2 immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What specific leukocyte type is attracted to the central nervous system by CCL2 during HIV infection?

    <p>HIV-infected leukocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism by which CD8 T cells protect against HIV infection?

    <p>By releasing perforin and granulysin to kill infected cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is typically the most characteristic manifestation of AIDS?

    <p>Pneumonia caused by Pneumocystis jiroveci</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of infections are NOT commonly associated with AIDS?

    <p>Viral infections specifically caused by smallpox virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cytokines is produced by Th17 cells to attract neutrophils?

    <p>IL-17</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technique is primarily used for the definitive diagnosis of HIV infection?

    <p>Western blot analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What consequence does the loss of Th17 cells have for HIV-infected individuals?

    <p>Higher risk of bloodstream infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of using PCR in HIV diagnosis?

    <p>To determine viral load in plasma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In HIV-infected patients, a shift from Th1 to Th2 immune response indicates a change in which aspect of immune function?

    <p>Increased humoral immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which opportunistic infection is characterized by causing severe neurological issues in AIDS patients?

    <p>Toxoplasmosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common misconception about the OraQuick test?

    <p>It provides definitive diagnosis of HIV.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the antibody detection in the ELISA test for HIV is correct?

    <p>It detects antibodies in the patient’s serum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following opportunistic infections is associated with viruses?

    <p>Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the gag gene in the HIV genome primarily encode?

    <p>Internal structural proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein is responsible for mediating the fusion of the viral envelope with the host cell membrane?

    <p>gp41</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the pol gene play in the HIV life cycle?

    <p>Synthesizes DNA from RNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    HIV strains that specifically bind to the CXCR4 chemokine receptor are classified as?

    <p>T-cell-tropic strains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the viral protease in HIV?

    <p>Cleaves precursor polyproteins into functional proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the entry of HIV into a host cell?

    <p>Interaction of gp120 with CD4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of DNA is produced after the uncoating of the HIV virion?

    <p>Double-stranded DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following proteins is an antigen used in serologic tests for HIV?

    <p>p24</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes false-negative antibody tests during the first month after HIV infection?

    <p>Insufficient antibody levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test can detect the presence of HIV during acute infection when antibody tests may be negative?

    <p>HIV antigen/antibody combo test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what CD4 T cell count is an individual categorized as having AIDS?

    <p>Below 200 cell/mm3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the current recommendation for starting antiretroviral therapy (ART) for HIV?

    <p>Immediately, regardless of CD4 count</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common method used to quantify CD4 T cells?

    <p>Flow cytometry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the role of the p24 antigen in HIV testing?

    <p>It is detectable earlier than antibodies after infection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to monitor for opportunistic infections in HIV-infected individuals?

    <p>They signal progression to AIDS irrespective of CD4 count.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average time frame for seroconversion after HIV infection?

    <p>10 to 14 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do cytokines such as IL-2, IFN-γ, and IL-17 play in individuals with HIV/AIDS?

    <p>They maintain the viability and functions of T cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best explains the prevalence of HIV in sub-Saharan Africa?

    <p>Limited access to healthcare and preventive measures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant feature of HIV as a member of the lentivirus subgroup of retroviruses?

    <p>It is characterized by a high mutation rate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of having a CD4+ T cell count below 200/mm3?

    <p>Diagnosis of AIDS and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true concerning transmission routes of HIV?

    <p>HIV is primarily transmitted through sexual contact and infected blood transfer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary structure that HIV uses to enter host cells?

    <p>The gp120 and gp41 glycoproteins in its envelope.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a diagnosis of AIDS suggest about the patient's immune system?

    <p>There is a systematic failure to respond to infections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what region is HIV-2 primarily found?

    <p>West Africa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant characteristic of HIV that differentiates it from other viruses?

    <p>It has a bar-shaped core surrounded by a glycoprotein envelope.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cytokine is not typically diminished in individuals with AIDS due to HIV infection?

    <p>IL-4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one primary mode of HIV transmission?

    <p>Sexual contact and blood transfer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which part of the world is HIV-2 predominantly found?

    <p>West Africa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which CD4+ T cell function is notably affected by HIV infection, resulting in increased susceptibility to infections?

    <p>Maintenance of T cell viability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical CD4+ T cell count in healthy individuals?

    <p>Between 500-1500/mm3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which subgroup of retroviruses does HIV belong to?

    <p>Lentiviruses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature of the immune response in individuals infected with HIV?

    <p>Shift towards Th2 response dominance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common fungal infection associated with AIDS?

    <p>Thrush</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is used to confirm positive results from the OraQuick HIV testing method?

    <p>Western blot test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following pathogens is NOT classified as an opportunistic infection in AIDS patients?

    <p>Escherichia coli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism is primarily used to detect HIV DNA within infected cells?

    <p>PCR test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key neurologic problem linked to AIDS?

    <p>Dementia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which viral protein is primarily targeted in the antibody detection tests for HIV?

    <p>p24</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of infection is characterized by the presence of Cytomegalovirus in AIDS patients?

    <p>Viral infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following tests can yield results for HIV within 20 minutes?

    <p>OraQuick test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of the emergence of mutant strains of HIV for CD8 T cells?

    <p>Loss of ability to control the mutant strain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the acute stage of HIV infection, which symptom is least likely to occur?

    <p>Pneumonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What typically happens to viremia after resolving the acute stage of HIV infection?

    <p>It decreases to lower levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of Th1 CD4 helper T cells in relation to CD8 T cells?

    <p>To enhance the immune response by providing lymphokines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long after HIV infection do antibodies typically appear in most patients?

    <p>3 to 4 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant implication of false-negative serologic tests during the acute stage of HIV infection?

    <p>The infection may go undiagnosed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the supply of lymphokines required for CD8 T cells after many Th1 CD4 helper T cells die?

    <p>It becomes insufficient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the clinical presentation during the acute stage of HIV infection?

    <p>A transient infectious mono-like syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the gag gene in the HIV genome?

    <p>Encodes structural proteins, including the p24 antigen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which proteins are encoded by the pol gene of HIV?

    <p>Reverse transcriptase, integrase, and protease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the HIV virus initially enter a host cell?

    <p>By binding to CD4 proteins and chemokine receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does gp41 play in the HIV replication process?

    <p>Mediates fusion of the viral envelope with the host cell membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes T-cell tropic strains of HIV from macrophage-tropic strains?

    <p>T-cell tropic strains bind to CXCR4 receptors specifically</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens after the HIV uncoating process within the host cell?

    <p>Viral RNA is converted into double-stranded DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a function of the reverse transcriptase encoded by the pol gene?

    <p>Synthesizes DNA using the viral RNA as a template</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the processing of HIV's envelope glycoprotein?

    <p>Gp120 and gp41 are formed from the cleavage of gp160</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of CD8 T cells in the immune response against HIV?

    <p>They destroy infected host cells and produce antimicrobial proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cytokines are typically associated with the Th1 subset of CD4 T cells?

    <p>Interleukin-2 (IL-2) and Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initial site does HIV target in the body after transmission?

    <p>Dendritic cells in the genital tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of CD4 T cells?

    <p>They produce cytokines that regulate other immune cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the infection of CD4 T cells by HIV affect the immune system?

    <p>It suppresses cell-mediated immunity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does Interleukin-12 (IL-12) play in the immune response?

    <p>It induces differentiation of CD4 T cells into the Th1 subset.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which proteins produced by CD8 T cells are essential for inducing apoptosis in infected host cells?

    <p>Perforin and granzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of individuals who become seropositive during acute HIV infection are symptomatic?

    <p>87%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the viral set point typically represent in an HIV-infected individual?

    <p>The amount of virus produced that remains constant for years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which viral load indicates a significantly higher likelihood of progressing to symptomatic AIDS?

    <p>More than 10,000 copies of viral RNA/mL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the latent stage of HIV infection, how long does the asymptomatic period typically last in untreated patients?

    <p>7 to 11 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which measure is used to determine the need for chemoprophylaxis against opportunistic infections in HIV-infected patients?

    <p>Count of CD4-positive T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the AIDS-related complex (ARC) during the latent period of infection?

    <p>Persistent fevers, fatigue, and weight loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to CD4 T cell counts in the late stage of HIV infection?

    <p>They decline below 200/μL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the viral RNA assay in managing HIV infection?

    <p>To guide treatment decisions and prognosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of IFN-γ on Th2 responses?

    <p>It suppresses Th2 responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason individuals with AIDS become highly susceptible to opportunistic infections?

    <p>Decreased levels of critical cytokines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cytokine is primarily responsible for driving the differentiation of CD4 T cells into the Th2 subset?

    <p>IL-4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of genetic material is found in the HIV virus?

    <p>Single-stranded RNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does IL-17 produced by Th17 cells play in the immune response?

    <p>It attracts neutrophils to the site of infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one significant characteristic of HIV as a member of the retrovirus group?

    <p>It requires reverse transcriptase for replication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which subtype of HIV is predominantly found in West Africa?

    <p>HIV-2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a Th2 response impact control of intracellular pathogens?

    <p>It is not appropriate for controlling intracellular pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of IL-2 in the immune response?

    <p>Maintaining T cell viability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cell types primarily produces CCL2 in the immune response?

    <p>Macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does HIV infection affect the immune system's cytokine levels?

    <p>Reduces levels of critical cytokines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of the shift from a Th1 to a Th2 response in HIV-infected individuals?

    <p>Loss of immunity and susceptibility to opportunistic infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the pol gene in the HIV genome?

    <p>To encode viral replication proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cytokines are secreted by Th2 cells to promote B cell functions?

    <p>IL-4 and IL-5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of having CD4 T cell counts below 200/mm3 in an individual?

    <p>Classification as having AIDS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein is critical for HIV to enter a host CD4-positive cell?

    <p>gp120</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does HIV infection have on Th1 cytokine levels in patients?

    <p>Decrease in Th1 cytokine levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the long-term effects of HIV on the body?

    <p>Gradual loss of immune function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the function of the env gene in HIV?

    <p>Encodes glycoproteins that mediate entry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of reverse transcriptase in the HIV life cycle?

    <p>To synthesize DNA from RNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process occurs immediately after HIV uncoating in a host cell?

    <p>Integration of viral DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein is primarily involved in the cleavage of precursor polyproteins during virion maturation?

    <p>Protease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of HIV replication allows for multiple copies of viral DNA to integrate into the host genome?

    <p>The role of integrase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily occurs to CD4 T cells as a result of HIV infection?

    <p>They are depleted and killed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of T cells are known to secrete IL-2 and IFN-γ?

    <p>CD4 T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of CD8 T cells in the immune system?

    <p>To kill infected host cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does interleukin-12 (IL-12) have on CD4 T cell differentiation?

    <p>Induces differentiation into Th1 cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs in the immune system due to a shift from Th1 to Th2 responses in HIV infection?

    <p>Increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which subset of CD4 T cells is primarily involved in promoting B cell activity?

    <p>Th2 cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the production of granzymes by CD8 T cells lead to?

    <p>Apoptosis of infected host cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic cytokine profile of Th1 cells in response to infection?

    <p>IL-2 and IFN-γ</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of individuals infected during the acute stage of HIV are symptomatic?

    <p>87%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A viral load greater than what amount of viral RNA copies/mL of plasma significantly increases the likelihood of progressing to AIDS?

    <p>10,000 copies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition may progress to AIDS during the latent period of HIV infection?

    <p>AIDS-related complex (ARC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significantly increases the frequency and severity of opportunistic infections in HIV patients?

    <p>CD4 count below 200/μL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of HIV production during the latent period despite the patient being asymptomatic?

    <p>Lymph node cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of untreated HIV infection, what is the expected relationship between viral load and CD4 cell count as progression to AIDS occurs?

    <p>Increased viral load with decreased CD4 cell count</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the assay for viral RNA in a patient's plasma?

    <p>To measure the amount of free virions in circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average time for seroconversion after HIV infection?

    <p>10 to 14 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test can detect HIV presence during acute infection when antibodies might not be present?

    <p>HIV plasma RNA assay</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When should antiretroviral therapy (ART) be initiated according to the latest WHO guidelines?

    <p>Immediately, regardless of CD4 count</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following tests is used to diagnose early HIV infections due to its ability to detect p24 antigen?

    <p>HIV antigen/antibody Combo test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what CD4 T cell count is an individual classified as having AIDS?

    <p>200 cells/mm3 or below</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of CD4 cell counts in managing HIV-infected individuals?

    <p>To assess immune function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding opportunistic infections in HIV patients?

    <p>They may occur regardless of CD4 T cell counts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a purpose of viral load assays in HIV management?

    <p>Determining CD4 T cell population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    More Like This

    HIV Infection and STI Quiz
    5 questions
    HIV Infection Risks and Transmission
    37 questions
    Chest Manifestations in HIV Patients
    5 questions
    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Browser