Podcast
Questions and Answers
What type of cells does HIV preferentially infect and kill?
What type of cells does HIV preferentially infect and kill?
What is the primary method of HIV transmission?
What is the primary method of HIV transmission?
What level of CD4+ T cell count is indicative of AIDS?
What level of CD4+ T cell count is indicative of AIDS?
Which cytokine is primarily produced by Th1 CD4 T cells to enhance immune functions?
Which cytokine is primarily produced by Th1 CD4 T cells to enhance immune functions?
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HIV is classified under which group of viruses?
HIV is classified under which group of viruses?
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Which statement about HIV-1 and HIV-2 is correct?
Which statement about HIV-1 and HIV-2 is correct?
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Which additional cells are known to be infected by HIV besides CD4+ T lymphocytes?
Which additional cells are known to be infected by HIV besides CD4+ T lymphocytes?
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What is the genetic material of HIV composed of?
What is the genetic material of HIV composed of?
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What is the most characteristic manifestation of AIDS?
What is the most characteristic manifestation of AIDS?
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Which of the following is a common fungal infection associated with AIDS?
Which of the following is a common fungal infection associated with AIDS?
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Which testing method provides a definitive diagnosis for HIV infection?
Which testing method provides a definitive diagnosis for HIV infection?
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What is one key feature of the PCR test in HIV diagnosis?
What is one key feature of the PCR test in HIV diagnosis?
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What role do CD4 T cells play in the immune response?
What role do CD4 T cells play in the immune response?
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Which cells are first infected by HIV in the genital tract?
Which cells are first infected by HIV in the genital tract?
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Which of the following is NOT considered an opportunistic infection associated with HIV/AIDS?
Which of the following is NOT considered an opportunistic infection associated with HIV/AIDS?
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What is the consequence of HIV infection on CD4 T cells?
What is the consequence of HIV infection on CD4 T cells?
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How quickly can results from the OraQuick test be obtained?
How quickly can results from the OraQuick test be obtained?
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Which virus is associated with disseminated herpes zoster in AIDS patients?
Which virus is associated with disseminated herpes zoster in AIDS patients?
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What are CD8 T cells also known as?
What are CD8 T cells also known as?
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What is the main method used in the ELISA test for detecting HIV infection?
What is the main method used in the ELISA test for detecting HIV infection?
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Which cytokine is primarily responsible for the differentiation of CD4 T cells into the Th1 subset?
Which cytokine is primarily responsible for the differentiation of CD4 T cells into the Th1 subset?
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Which markers distinguish the roles of CD4 and CD8 T cells?
Which markers distinguish the roles of CD4 and CD8 T cells?
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What impact does HIV have on the ratio of Th1 to Th2 T cells?
What impact does HIV have on the ratio of Th1 to Th2 T cells?
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Which of the following contributes to the killing of intracellular viruses by CD8 T cells?
Which of the following contributes to the killing of intracellular viruses by CD8 T cells?
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What effect does IFN-γ have on the differentiation of CD4 T cells?
What effect does IFN-γ have on the differentiation of CD4 T cells?
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Which cytokines are secreted by Th2 cells to promote B cell activity?
Which cytokines are secreted by Th2 cells to promote B cell activity?
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What is the role of IL-10 released from activated APCs?
What is the role of IL-10 released from activated APCs?
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What shift occurs in the immune response of individuals infected with HIV?
What shift occurs in the immune response of individuals infected with HIV?
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Which cytokine is primarily responsible for causing the differentiation of CD4 T cells into Th17 cells?
Which cytokine is primarily responsible for causing the differentiation of CD4 T cells into Th17 cells?
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Which of the following is a consequence of the Th2 response in HIV patients?
Which of the following is a consequence of the Th2 response in HIV patients?
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What is the primary source of CCL2 in the immune response?
What is the primary source of CCL2 in the immune response?
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What is a major function of IL-17 produced by Th17 cells?
What is a major function of IL-17 produced by Th17 cells?
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What role does CCL2 play in the immune response?
What role does CCL2 play in the immune response?
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What effect does CCL2 expression have on the immune response in HIV patients?
What effect does CCL2 expression have on the immune response in HIV patients?
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What is the primary function of Th17 cells in the immune system?
What is the primary function of Th17 cells in the immune system?
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What impact does the loss of Th17 cells have on HIV-infected individuals?
What impact does the loss of Th17 cells have on HIV-infected individuals?
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Which immune cells are primarily responsible for responding to HIV infection?
Which immune cells are primarily responsible for responding to HIV infection?
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What is associated with CCL2 in the central nervous system?
What is associated with CCL2 in the central nervous system?
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What are the antimicrobial proteins produced by CD8 T cells that are crucial for killing host cells and viruses?
What are the antimicrobial proteins produced by CD8 T cells that are crucial for killing host cells and viruses?
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Which immune response switch is commonly observed in HIV-1-infected patients?
Which immune response switch is commonly observed in HIV-1-infected patients?
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What is a significant consequence of the emergence of mutant strains of HIV for CD8 T cells?
What is a significant consequence of the emergence of mutant strains of HIV for CD8 T cells?
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During the acute stage of HIV infection, what is typically observed?
During the acute stage of HIV infection, what is typically observed?
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What role do Th1 CD4 helper T cells play in the function of CD8 T cells?
What role do Th1 CD4 helper T cells play in the function of CD8 T cells?
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What potential misdiagnosis can occur during the acute stage of HIV infection?
What potential misdiagnosis can occur during the acute stage of HIV infection?
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What is typically NOT seen during the acute stage of HIV infection?
What is typically NOT seen during the acute stage of HIV infection?
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What is the typical timeline for the appearance of antibodies after HIV infection?
What is the typical timeline for the appearance of antibodies after HIV infection?
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What is the relationship between leukopenia and CD4 cell count during the acute stage of HIV infection?
What is the relationship between leukopenia and CD4 cell count during the acute stage of HIV infection?
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What is the expected outcome in terms of viremia after resolving the acute stage of HIV infection?
What is the expected outcome in terms of viremia after resolving the acute stage of HIV infection?
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What is the primary mechanism through which HIV causes immunodeficiency?
What is the primary mechanism through which HIV causes immunodeficiency?
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Which of the following cytokines is involved in maintaining T cell viability?
Which of the following cytokines is involved in maintaining T cell viability?
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Which of these populations is most affected by HIV infections?
Which of these populations is most affected by HIV infections?
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What characterizes the HIV genome and proteins?
What characterizes the HIV genome and proteins?
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Which of the following immune responses is compromised in individuals with AIDS?
Which of the following immune responses is compromised in individuals with AIDS?
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What distinguishes HIV-1 from HIV-2 in terms of prevalence?
What distinguishes HIV-1 from HIV-2 in terms of prevalence?
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Which function is primarily associated with Th17 CD4 T cells?
Which function is primarily associated with Th17 CD4 T cells?
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What is the primary effect of HIV on CD4 T cells?
What is the primary effect of HIV on CD4 T cells?
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Where does the initial infection of HIV occur in the host?
Where does the initial infection of HIV occur in the host?
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What is the main role of CD8 T cells in response to HIV infection?
What is the main role of CD8 T cells in response to HIV infection?
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How does HIV affect the Th1 to Th2 cytokine balance?
How does HIV affect the Th1 to Th2 cytokine balance?
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What is the function of perforin produced by CD8 T cells?
What is the function of perforin produced by CD8 T cells?
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Which CD4 T cell subset is primarily involved in promoting cell-mediated immunity?
Which CD4 T cell subset is primarily involved in promoting cell-mediated immunity?
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Which of the following is NOT a common opportunistic infection associated with AIDS?
Which of the following is NOT a common opportunistic infection associated with AIDS?
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Which test can definitively confirm a diagnosis of HIV infection after an initial positive result?
Which test can definitively confirm a diagnosis of HIV infection after an initial positive result?
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What kind of infections can result in severe neurologic problems for AIDS patients?
What kind of infections can result in severe neurologic problems for AIDS patients?
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What does the PCR test specifically detect in relation to HIV?
What does the PCR test specifically detect in relation to HIV?
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Which component of HIV is primarily targeted for antibody detection using ELISA?
Which component of HIV is primarily targeted for antibody detection using ELISA?
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Which opportunistic infection is specifically associated with the fungus Candida albicans?
Which opportunistic infection is specifically associated with the fungus Candida albicans?
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What is a rapid screening test that can detect HIV antibodies using an oral swab?
What is a rapid screening test that can detect HIV antibodies using an oral swab?
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What percentage of individuals who become seropositive during acute infection experience asymptomatic initial infections?
What percentage of individuals who become seropositive during acute infection experience asymptomatic initial infections?
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What is the consequence of having a viral load greater than 10,000 copies of viral RNA/mL of plasma?
What is the consequence of having a viral load greater than 10,000 copies of viral RNA/mL of plasma?
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During the latent period of HIV infection, how long does it typically last in untreated patients?
During the latent period of HIV infection, how long does it typically last in untreated patients?
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Which of the following conditions can occur during the latent period of HIV infection?
Which of the following conditions can occur during the latent period of HIV infection?
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At what CD4-positive T cell count does the frequency and severity of opportunistic infections significantly increase?
At what CD4-positive T cell count does the frequency and severity of opportunistic infections significantly increase?
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What characterizes the late stage of HIV infection, known as AIDS?
What characterizes the late stage of HIV infection, known as AIDS?
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What is the role of IFN-γ in the immune response?
What is the role of IFN-γ in the immune response?
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What is primarily used to estimate viral load in HIV patients?
What is primarily used to estimate viral load in HIV patients?
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Which cytokines promote the differentiation of CD4 T cells into the Th2 subset?
Which cytokines promote the differentiation of CD4 T cells into the Th2 subset?
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Which symptom is NOT typically associated with AIDS-related complex (ARC)?
Which symptom is NOT typically associated with AIDS-related complex (ARC)?
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What is the outcome of the Th2 response activation in individuals infected with HIV?
What is the outcome of the Th2 response activation in individuals infected with HIV?
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Which statement is true regarding CCL2?
Which statement is true regarding CCL2?
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What effect does IL-4 have on B cells during Th2 activation?
What effect does IL-4 have on B cells during Th2 activation?
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What is the consequence of a shift from Th1 to Th2 response in HIV-infected individuals?
What is the consequence of a shift from Th1 to Th2 response in HIV-infected individuals?
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Which cytokines are primarily associated with the enhancement of Th2 cell activity?
Which cytokines are primarily associated with the enhancement of Th2 cell activity?
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What happens to CD8 T cells in response to emerging mutant strains of HIV?
What happens to CD8 T cells in response to emerging mutant strains of HIV?
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What contributes to the clinical progression to AIDS regarding cytotoxic T cells?
What contributes to the clinical progression to AIDS regarding cytotoxic T cells?
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What are the common symptoms during the acute stage of HIV infection?
What are the common symptoms during the acute stage of HIV infection?
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What typically occurs in terms of viremia during the acute stage of HIV infection?
What typically occurs in terms of viremia during the acute stage of HIV infection?
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How long after infection do antibodies to HIV typically appear?
How long after infection do antibodies to HIV typically appear?
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What is the implication of a negative antibody test during the acute stage of HIV infection?
What is the implication of a negative antibody test during the acute stage of HIV infection?
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What is a distinguishing characteristic of the rash seen during the acute stage of HIV infection?
What is a distinguishing characteristic of the rash seen during the acute stage of HIV infection?
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What indicates a potential need for further testing during the acute stage of HIV if antibody tests return negative?
What indicates a potential need for further testing during the acute stage of HIV if antibody tests return negative?
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What occurs as a result of HIV infection that impacts the immune system?
What occurs as a result of HIV infection that impacts the immune system?
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Which process describes the first phase of HIV infection?
Which process describes the first phase of HIV infection?
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What is a key role of CD8 T cells in the immune response?
What is a key role of CD8 T cells in the immune response?
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What is typically induced by interleukin-12 (IL-12) from activated APCs?
What is typically induced by interleukin-12 (IL-12) from activated APCs?
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How does the HIV infection influence CD4 T cell subsets?
How does the HIV infection influence CD4 T cell subsets?
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What function do CD4 T cells perform in relation to B cells?
What function do CD4 T cells perform in relation to B cells?
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Which cells primarily recognize processed antigen peptide associated with MHC class II?
Which cells primarily recognize processed antigen peptide associated with MHC class II?
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What effect does a decrease in CD4 T cells have on a host?
What effect does a decrease in CD4 T cells have on a host?
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What is one of the primary roles of CCL2 in the immune response?
What is one of the primary roles of CCL2 in the immune response?
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What immune cell population is significantly impacted by HIV leading to increased susceptibility to infections?
What immune cell population is significantly impacted by HIV leading to increased susceptibility to infections?
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How does CCL2 influence the immune response in the context of HIV infection?
How does CCL2 influence the immune response in the context of HIV infection?
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What specific leukocyte type is attracted to the central nervous system by CCL2 during HIV infection?
What specific leukocyte type is attracted to the central nervous system by CCL2 during HIV infection?
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What is the mechanism by which CD8 T cells protect against HIV infection?
What is the mechanism by which CD8 T cells protect against HIV infection?
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What is typically the most characteristic manifestation of AIDS?
What is typically the most characteristic manifestation of AIDS?
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Which type of infections are NOT commonly associated with AIDS?
Which type of infections are NOT commonly associated with AIDS?
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Which of the following cytokines is produced by Th17 cells to attract neutrophils?
Which of the following cytokines is produced by Th17 cells to attract neutrophils?
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Which technique is primarily used for the definitive diagnosis of HIV infection?
Which technique is primarily used for the definitive diagnosis of HIV infection?
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What consequence does the loss of Th17 cells have for HIV-infected individuals?
What consequence does the loss of Th17 cells have for HIV-infected individuals?
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What is the primary purpose of using PCR in HIV diagnosis?
What is the primary purpose of using PCR in HIV diagnosis?
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In HIV-infected patients, a shift from Th1 to Th2 immune response indicates a change in which aspect of immune function?
In HIV-infected patients, a shift from Th1 to Th2 immune response indicates a change in which aspect of immune function?
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Which opportunistic infection is characterized by causing severe neurological issues in AIDS patients?
Which opportunistic infection is characterized by causing severe neurological issues in AIDS patients?
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What is a common misconception about the OraQuick test?
What is a common misconception about the OraQuick test?
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Which statement about the antibody detection in the ELISA test for HIV is correct?
Which statement about the antibody detection in the ELISA test for HIV is correct?
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Which of the following opportunistic infections is associated with viruses?
Which of the following opportunistic infections is associated with viruses?
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What does the gag gene in the HIV genome primarily encode?
What does the gag gene in the HIV genome primarily encode?
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Which protein is responsible for mediating the fusion of the viral envelope with the host cell membrane?
Which protein is responsible for mediating the fusion of the viral envelope with the host cell membrane?
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What role does the pol gene play in the HIV life cycle?
What role does the pol gene play in the HIV life cycle?
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HIV strains that specifically bind to the CXCR4 chemokine receptor are classified as?
HIV strains that specifically bind to the CXCR4 chemokine receptor are classified as?
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What is the function of the viral protease in HIV?
What is the function of the viral protease in HIV?
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What initiates the entry of HIV into a host cell?
What initiates the entry of HIV into a host cell?
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What type of DNA is produced after the uncoating of the HIV virion?
What type of DNA is produced after the uncoating of the HIV virion?
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Which of the following proteins is an antigen used in serologic tests for HIV?
Which of the following proteins is an antigen used in serologic tests for HIV?
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What causes false-negative antibody tests during the first month after HIV infection?
What causes false-negative antibody tests during the first month after HIV infection?
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Which test can detect the presence of HIV during acute infection when antibody tests may be negative?
Which test can detect the presence of HIV during acute infection when antibody tests may be negative?
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At what CD4 T cell count is an individual categorized as having AIDS?
At what CD4 T cell count is an individual categorized as having AIDS?
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What is the current recommendation for starting antiretroviral therapy (ART) for HIV?
What is the current recommendation for starting antiretroviral therapy (ART) for HIV?
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What is a common method used to quantify CD4 T cells?
What is a common method used to quantify CD4 T cells?
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Which of the following best describes the role of the p24 antigen in HIV testing?
Which of the following best describes the role of the p24 antigen in HIV testing?
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Why is it important to monitor for opportunistic infections in HIV-infected individuals?
Why is it important to monitor for opportunistic infections in HIV-infected individuals?
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What is the average time frame for seroconversion after HIV infection?
What is the average time frame for seroconversion after HIV infection?
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What role do cytokines such as IL-2, IFN-γ, and IL-17 play in individuals with HIV/AIDS?
What role do cytokines such as IL-2, IFN-γ, and IL-17 play in individuals with HIV/AIDS?
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Which of the following best explains the prevalence of HIV in sub-Saharan Africa?
Which of the following best explains the prevalence of HIV in sub-Saharan Africa?
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What is a significant feature of HIV as a member of the lentivirus subgroup of retroviruses?
What is a significant feature of HIV as a member of the lentivirus subgroup of retroviruses?
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What is the consequence of having a CD4+ T cell count below 200/mm3?
What is the consequence of having a CD4+ T cell count below 200/mm3?
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Which of the following statements is true concerning transmission routes of HIV?
Which of the following statements is true concerning transmission routes of HIV?
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What is the primary structure that HIV uses to enter host cells?
What is the primary structure that HIV uses to enter host cells?
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What does a diagnosis of AIDS suggest about the patient's immune system?
What does a diagnosis of AIDS suggest about the patient's immune system?
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In what region is HIV-2 primarily found?
In what region is HIV-2 primarily found?
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What is a significant characteristic of HIV that differentiates it from other viruses?
What is a significant characteristic of HIV that differentiates it from other viruses?
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Which cytokine is not typically diminished in individuals with AIDS due to HIV infection?
Which cytokine is not typically diminished in individuals with AIDS due to HIV infection?
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What is one primary mode of HIV transmission?
What is one primary mode of HIV transmission?
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In which part of the world is HIV-2 predominantly found?
In which part of the world is HIV-2 predominantly found?
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Which CD4+ T cell function is notably affected by HIV infection, resulting in increased susceptibility to infections?
Which CD4+ T cell function is notably affected by HIV infection, resulting in increased susceptibility to infections?
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What is the typical CD4+ T cell count in healthy individuals?
What is the typical CD4+ T cell count in healthy individuals?
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Which subgroup of retroviruses does HIV belong to?
Which subgroup of retroviruses does HIV belong to?
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What is a key feature of the immune response in individuals infected with HIV?
What is a key feature of the immune response in individuals infected with HIV?
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What is the most common fungal infection associated with AIDS?
What is the most common fungal infection associated with AIDS?
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Which test is used to confirm positive results from the OraQuick HIV testing method?
Which test is used to confirm positive results from the OraQuick HIV testing method?
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Which of the following pathogens is NOT classified as an opportunistic infection in AIDS patients?
Which of the following pathogens is NOT classified as an opportunistic infection in AIDS patients?
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What mechanism is primarily used to detect HIV DNA within infected cells?
What mechanism is primarily used to detect HIV DNA within infected cells?
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Which of the following is a key neurologic problem linked to AIDS?
Which of the following is a key neurologic problem linked to AIDS?
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Which viral protein is primarily targeted in the antibody detection tests for HIV?
Which viral protein is primarily targeted in the antibody detection tests for HIV?
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What type of infection is characterized by the presence of Cytomegalovirus in AIDS patients?
What type of infection is characterized by the presence of Cytomegalovirus in AIDS patients?
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Which of the following tests can yield results for HIV within 20 minutes?
Which of the following tests can yield results for HIV within 20 minutes?
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What is a consequence of the emergence of mutant strains of HIV for CD8 T cells?
What is a consequence of the emergence of mutant strains of HIV for CD8 T cells?
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During the acute stage of HIV infection, which symptom is least likely to occur?
During the acute stage of HIV infection, which symptom is least likely to occur?
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What typically happens to viremia after resolving the acute stage of HIV infection?
What typically happens to viremia after resolving the acute stage of HIV infection?
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What is the primary role of Th1 CD4 helper T cells in relation to CD8 T cells?
What is the primary role of Th1 CD4 helper T cells in relation to CD8 T cells?
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How long after HIV infection do antibodies typically appear in most patients?
How long after HIV infection do antibodies typically appear in most patients?
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What is a significant implication of false-negative serologic tests during the acute stage of HIV infection?
What is a significant implication of false-negative serologic tests during the acute stage of HIV infection?
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What happens to the supply of lymphokines required for CD8 T cells after many Th1 CD4 helper T cells die?
What happens to the supply of lymphokines required for CD8 T cells after many Th1 CD4 helper T cells die?
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What characterizes the clinical presentation during the acute stage of HIV infection?
What characterizes the clinical presentation during the acute stage of HIV infection?
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What is the main function of the gag gene in the HIV genome?
What is the main function of the gag gene in the HIV genome?
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Which proteins are encoded by the pol gene of HIV?
Which proteins are encoded by the pol gene of HIV?
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How does the HIV virus initially enter a host cell?
How does the HIV virus initially enter a host cell?
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What role does gp41 play in the HIV replication process?
What role does gp41 play in the HIV replication process?
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What distinguishes T-cell tropic strains of HIV from macrophage-tropic strains?
What distinguishes T-cell tropic strains of HIV from macrophage-tropic strains?
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What happens after the HIV uncoating process within the host cell?
What happens after the HIV uncoating process within the host cell?
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What is a function of the reverse transcriptase encoded by the pol gene?
What is a function of the reverse transcriptase encoded by the pol gene?
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Which of the following correctly describes the processing of HIV's envelope glycoprotein?
Which of the following correctly describes the processing of HIV's envelope glycoprotein?
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What is the primary role of CD8 T cells in the immune response against HIV?
What is the primary role of CD8 T cells in the immune response against HIV?
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Which cytokines are typically associated with the Th1 subset of CD4 T cells?
Which cytokines are typically associated with the Th1 subset of CD4 T cells?
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What initial site does HIV target in the body after transmission?
What initial site does HIV target in the body after transmission?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of CD4 T cells?
Which of the following is a characteristic of CD4 T cells?
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How does the infection of CD4 T cells by HIV affect the immune system?
How does the infection of CD4 T cells by HIV affect the immune system?
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What role does Interleukin-12 (IL-12) play in the immune response?
What role does Interleukin-12 (IL-12) play in the immune response?
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Which proteins produced by CD8 T cells are essential for inducing apoptosis in infected host cells?
Which proteins produced by CD8 T cells are essential for inducing apoptosis in infected host cells?
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What percentage of individuals who become seropositive during acute HIV infection are symptomatic?
What percentage of individuals who become seropositive during acute HIV infection are symptomatic?
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What does the viral set point typically represent in an HIV-infected individual?
What does the viral set point typically represent in an HIV-infected individual?
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Which viral load indicates a significantly higher likelihood of progressing to symptomatic AIDS?
Which viral load indicates a significantly higher likelihood of progressing to symptomatic AIDS?
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During the latent stage of HIV infection, how long does the asymptomatic period typically last in untreated patients?
During the latent stage of HIV infection, how long does the asymptomatic period typically last in untreated patients?
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Which measure is used to determine the need for chemoprophylaxis against opportunistic infections in HIV-infected patients?
Which measure is used to determine the need for chemoprophylaxis against opportunistic infections in HIV-infected patients?
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What characterizes the AIDS-related complex (ARC) during the latent period of infection?
What characterizes the AIDS-related complex (ARC) during the latent period of infection?
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What happens to CD4 T cell counts in the late stage of HIV infection?
What happens to CD4 T cell counts in the late stage of HIV infection?
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What is the role of the viral RNA assay in managing HIV infection?
What is the role of the viral RNA assay in managing HIV infection?
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What is the effect of IFN-γ on Th2 responses?
What is the effect of IFN-γ on Th2 responses?
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What is the primary reason individuals with AIDS become highly susceptible to opportunistic infections?
What is the primary reason individuals with AIDS become highly susceptible to opportunistic infections?
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Which cytokine is primarily responsible for driving the differentiation of CD4 T cells into the Th2 subset?
Which cytokine is primarily responsible for driving the differentiation of CD4 T cells into the Th2 subset?
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Which type of genetic material is found in the HIV virus?
Which type of genetic material is found in the HIV virus?
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What role does IL-17 produced by Th17 cells play in the immune response?
What role does IL-17 produced by Th17 cells play in the immune response?
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What is one significant characteristic of HIV as a member of the retrovirus group?
What is one significant characteristic of HIV as a member of the retrovirus group?
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Which subtype of HIV is predominantly found in West Africa?
Which subtype of HIV is predominantly found in West Africa?
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How does a Th2 response impact control of intracellular pathogens?
How does a Th2 response impact control of intracellular pathogens?
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What is the main role of IL-2 in the immune response?
What is the main role of IL-2 in the immune response?
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Which of the following cell types primarily produces CCL2 in the immune response?
Which of the following cell types primarily produces CCL2 in the immune response?
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How does HIV infection affect the immune system's cytokine levels?
How does HIV infection affect the immune system's cytokine levels?
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What is the consequence of the shift from a Th1 to a Th2 response in HIV-infected individuals?
What is the consequence of the shift from a Th1 to a Th2 response in HIV-infected individuals?
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What is the primary role of the pol gene in the HIV genome?
What is the primary role of the pol gene in the HIV genome?
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Which cytokines are secreted by Th2 cells to promote B cell functions?
Which cytokines are secreted by Th2 cells to promote B cell functions?
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What is the consequence of having CD4 T cell counts below 200/mm3 in an individual?
What is the consequence of having CD4 T cell counts below 200/mm3 in an individual?
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Which protein is critical for HIV to enter a host CD4-positive cell?
Which protein is critical for HIV to enter a host CD4-positive cell?
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What effect does HIV infection have on Th1 cytokine levels in patients?
What effect does HIV infection have on Th1 cytokine levels in patients?
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Which statement best describes the long-term effects of HIV on the body?
Which statement best describes the long-term effects of HIV on the body?
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Which of the following describes the function of the env gene in HIV?
Which of the following describes the function of the env gene in HIV?
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What is the role of reverse transcriptase in the HIV life cycle?
What is the role of reverse transcriptase in the HIV life cycle?
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Which process occurs immediately after HIV uncoating in a host cell?
Which process occurs immediately after HIV uncoating in a host cell?
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Which protein is primarily involved in the cleavage of precursor polyproteins during virion maturation?
Which protein is primarily involved in the cleavage of precursor polyproteins during virion maturation?
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Which aspect of HIV replication allows for multiple copies of viral DNA to integrate into the host genome?
Which aspect of HIV replication allows for multiple copies of viral DNA to integrate into the host genome?
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What primarily occurs to CD4 T cells as a result of HIV infection?
What primarily occurs to CD4 T cells as a result of HIV infection?
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Which type of T cells are known to secrete IL-2 and IFN-γ?
Which type of T cells are known to secrete IL-2 and IFN-γ?
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What is the role of CD8 T cells in the immune system?
What is the role of CD8 T cells in the immune system?
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What effect does interleukin-12 (IL-12) have on CD4 T cell differentiation?
What effect does interleukin-12 (IL-12) have on CD4 T cell differentiation?
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What occurs in the immune system due to a shift from Th1 to Th2 responses in HIV infection?
What occurs in the immune system due to a shift from Th1 to Th2 responses in HIV infection?
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Which subset of CD4 T cells is primarily involved in promoting B cell activity?
Which subset of CD4 T cells is primarily involved in promoting B cell activity?
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What does the production of granzymes by CD8 T cells lead to?
What does the production of granzymes by CD8 T cells lead to?
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What is a characteristic cytokine profile of Th1 cells in response to infection?
What is a characteristic cytokine profile of Th1 cells in response to infection?
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What percentage of individuals infected during the acute stage of HIV are symptomatic?
What percentage of individuals infected during the acute stage of HIV are symptomatic?
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A viral load greater than what amount of viral RNA copies/mL of plasma significantly increases the likelihood of progressing to AIDS?
A viral load greater than what amount of viral RNA copies/mL of plasma significantly increases the likelihood of progressing to AIDS?
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What condition may progress to AIDS during the latent period of HIV infection?
What condition may progress to AIDS during the latent period of HIV infection?
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What significantly increases the frequency and severity of opportunistic infections in HIV patients?
What significantly increases the frequency and severity of opportunistic infections in HIV patients?
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What is the primary source of HIV production during the latent period despite the patient being asymptomatic?
What is the primary source of HIV production during the latent period despite the patient being asymptomatic?
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In the context of untreated HIV infection, what is the expected relationship between viral load and CD4 cell count as progression to AIDS occurs?
In the context of untreated HIV infection, what is the expected relationship between viral load and CD4 cell count as progression to AIDS occurs?
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What is the function of the assay for viral RNA in a patient's plasma?
What is the function of the assay for viral RNA in a patient's plasma?
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What is the average time for seroconversion after HIV infection?
What is the average time for seroconversion after HIV infection?
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Which test can detect HIV presence during acute infection when antibodies might not be present?
Which test can detect HIV presence during acute infection when antibodies might not be present?
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When should antiretroviral therapy (ART) be initiated according to the latest WHO guidelines?
When should antiretroviral therapy (ART) be initiated according to the latest WHO guidelines?
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Which of the following tests is used to diagnose early HIV infections due to its ability to detect p24 antigen?
Which of the following tests is used to diagnose early HIV infections due to its ability to detect p24 antigen?
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At what CD4 T cell count is an individual classified as having AIDS?
At what CD4 T cell count is an individual classified as having AIDS?
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What is the primary function of CD4 cell counts in managing HIV-infected individuals?
What is the primary function of CD4 cell counts in managing HIV-infected individuals?
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Which statement is true regarding opportunistic infections in HIV patients?
Which statement is true regarding opportunistic infections in HIV patients?
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Which of the following is NOT a purpose of viral load assays in HIV management?
Which of the following is NOT a purpose of viral load assays in HIV management?
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