History of the Khilafat Movement

Questions and Answers

Who were the main leaders of the All India Khilafat Committee formed in 1919?

Mahatma Gandhi and Maulana Abul Kalam Azad

Hasrat Mohani and Bhagat Singh

Jawaharlal Nehru and Mohammad Ali Jinnah

Ali Brothers and Ajmal Khan (correct)

What was one of the primary demands of Indian Muslims during the Khilafat Movement?

Retention of the Khalifa's control over Muslim sacred places (correct)

Formation of a separate Muslim state

Increased land rights for farmers

Full independence from British rule

What was the Congress' initial stance on the Khilafat Movement?

Divided on the form of political action against the Government (correct)

Wholehearted support for the British Government

Unanimous opposition to Mahatma Gandhi's ideas

Indifference towards the Muslim community's demands

What significant action did Mahatma Gandhi advocate on August 1, 1919?

Inaugurating the Non-Cooperation Movement Signup and view all the answers

What impact did the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre have on Gandhi's perspective?

Strengthened his resolve for Swaraj Signup and view all the answers

How did the Non-Cooperation Movement view violence?

It spread the message of non-violence Signup and view all the answers

What role did the Congress see in supporting the Khilafat Movement?

To unify Hindus and Muslims against British rule Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the All India Khilafat Conference held in November 1919?

Call for a nationwide boycott of British goods Signup and view all the answers

What was a key aspect of the non-cooperation movement promoted by Gandhi and the Ali-brothers?

Boycott of British titles and goods Signup and view all the answers

What was the economic impact of the boycott of foreign cloth between 1920 and 1922?

Drastic fall in imports of foreign cloth Signup and view all the answers

Which group initially led the non-cooperation movement but later had reservations about Gandhi's program?

Middle Class People Signup and view all the answers

How did women participate in the non-cooperation movement?

By taking active part in protests and donating ornaments Signup and view all the answers

What event led to the withdrawal of the Non-Cooperation Movement?

The Chauri Chaura incident Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of the Tilak Swaraj Fund announced by Gandhi?

To aid India’s freedom struggle and collect funds Signup and view all the answers

Which issue lost relevance and contributed to the failure of the Non-Cooperation Movement?

The Khilafat issue Signup and view all the answers

What was one significant social change resulting from the non-cooperation movement?

Promotion of Hindu-Muslim unity Signup and view all the answers

What was the government's response to the non-cooperation movement?

Resorting to firing on protesters Signup and view all the answers

Who were some of the prominent leaders that supported the Non-Cooperation Movement?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What was a household article that became a symbol of the Swadeshi movement?

Charkha (spinning wheel) Signup and view all the answers

What action did Gandhi take in response to the violence of the Non-Cooperation Movement?

He announced its withdrawal Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant consequence of the Non-Cooperation Movement's violent incidents?

It weakened the movement's moral authority Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following leaders disagreed with Gandhi's decision to withdraw the movement?

Motilal Nehru Signup and view all the answers

How did the lack of active response in major cities affect the Non-Cooperation Movement?

It contributed to the movement's decline Signup and view all the answers

What was one reason people had not fully understood the method of non-violence?

Cultural norms supporting violence Signup and view all the answers

What was the main aim of the Khilafat Movement?

To restore the authority of the Khalifa Signup and view all the answers

Which event significantly contributed to the unification of the Congress and the Muslim League during 1919-1922?

The adoption of a unified plan of non-violence Signup and view all the answers

What was a major economic impact faced by Indians after World War I?

Rise in prices of commodities Signup and view all the answers

Which factor did NOT contribute to the discontent among Indians leading up to the Khilafat and Non-Cooperation movements?

The economic prosperity of Indian industries Signup and view all the answers

Who were the main leaders of the Khilafat Movement?

Shoukat Ali and Mohammad Ali Signup and view all the answers

Which event is described as a part of the government's actions that exposed the brutal nature of foreign rule?

The Rowlatt Act Signup and view all the answers

The term 'Dyarchy' in the Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms refers to what?

A dual system of government Signup and view all the answers

What was the public's reaction to the Hunter Commission's findings on the Punjab atrocities?

They considered it to be ineffective and a mere formality Signup and view all the answers

Which group was not directly involved in the Non-Cooperation Movement?

Bureaucrats Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant economic impact of the Non-Cooperation Movement?

Halving of foreign cloth imports Signup and view all the answers

Which institution was NOT established as a result of the Non-Cooperation Movement?

Indian Institute of Science Signup and view all the answers

What role did the Khilafat issue play in the Non-Cooperation Movement?

It helped unite Hindus and Muslims Signup and view all the answers

Which event formally marked the launch of the Non-Cooperation Movement?

Special session of Congress in Calcutta Signup and view all the answers

Which was a reason for the unification of Indians during the Non-Cooperation Movement?

Specific grievances against British policies Signup and view all the answers

What was the effect on the use of Khadi during the Non-Cooperation Movement?

It inspired a movement towards Swadeshi Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was a goal of the Non-Cooperation Movement?

Achieving Swaraj Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Mass Movements Overview

Two key movements, the Khilafat Movement and Non-Cooperation Movement, emerged between 1919-1922 to oppose British colonial rule in India.
These movements united the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League in a non-violent approach to political action.
Political demonstrations by both parties showcased their collective effort against British policies.

Causes of the Movements

Government Hostilities: The Rowlatt Act and Jallianwala Bagh massacre revealed the brutal nature of British rule, leading to widespread discontent.
Discontented Indians: The failed Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms and a lack of self-governance intensified demands for political rights.
Economic Hardships: Post-World War I economic issues included rising prices, declining production, and increased taxes, uniting various social classes against colonial rule.

Khilafat Movement

Spiritual Leadership: The Sultan of Turkey was viewed as the Khalifa (spiritual leader), and his removal following World War I angered Muslims across the globe, including India.
The Ali Brothers, Shoukat Ali and Mohammad Ali, spearheaded the Khilafat Movement (1919-1924) in response to perceived injustices against the Khalifa.
Khilafat Committee: Formed in 1919, this committee aimed to pressure the British government regarding Turkish interests; the first All India Khilafat Conference was held in November 1919.

Demands of the Movement

Muslims sought to retain Khalifa control over sacred sites and to secure favorable territorial arrangements after World War I.
Congress initially hesitant, later supported the Khilafat Movement as it represented a chance to unify Hindus and Muslims.

Non-Cooperation Movement

Gandhi's Role: The Non-Cooperation Movement marked the beginning of Gandhian mass mobilization in India's freedom struggle.
Initiated: Launched on August 1, 1919, as a campaign aligning with the Khilafat Movement, emphasizing national honor and self-rule.
Key Activities: Included boycotting British goods and institutions, promoting Swadeshi (indigenous goods), and advocating for non-violence.

Response and Participation

Broad Participation: Students, women, peasants, and urban laborers actively participated, with many abandoning government institutions and joining the cause.
Women's Involvement: Women engaged in protests and contributed to fundraising efforts, breaking traditional barriers in social participation.
Economic Impact: A significant decline in the import of foreign cloth was recorded, evidencing the success of the boycott.

Government Response

Repression: The British government responded with violence, declaring Congress and Khilafat organizations illegal and arresting numerous leaders.
Chauri Chaura Incident: In February 1922, violent clashes led to the killing of policemen, prompting Gandhi to withdraw the movement due to its escalating violence.

Key Personalities

Influential Leaders: Prominent figures such as C. Rajagopalachari, Vallabhbhai Patel, Ajmal Khan, Subhash Chandra Bose, and Jawaharlal Nehru participated actively in the movements.
Legal Profession Abandonment: Some lawyers like Motilal Nehru and Chitranjan Das renounced their practices to join the protest.

Causes for the Movement's Decline

Lack of Government Negotiation: The absence of meaningful dialogue between the government and the protestors led to a waning of movement momentum.
Dissipation of Khilafat Issue: By 1924, with Turkey's secularization and abolition of the Khilafat, the central issue lost its relevance for Indian Muslims.
Limited Response in Elite Areas: Major cities saw reduced enthusiasm for Gandhi's leadership, undermining the movement's efforts.

Impact of the Non-Cooperation Movement

Widespread Nationalism: The movement successfully politicized diverse segments of Indian society, including peasants, artisans, and traders.
Economic Shifts: The boycott led to a notable decline in foreign goods imports, promoting a revival of Indian industries and the Swadeshi movement.
Establishment of Institutions: National education institutions such as Gujarat Vidyapith and Jamia Milia Islamia emerged from this era as symbols of independence and self-reliance.

Significant Events

Treaty of Sevres (1920): This treaty dismembered Turkey and incited outrage among Indian Muslims.
All-Party Conference (June 1920): A gathering that endorsed collective boycotts and requested Gandhi's leadership for non-cooperation efforts.
Formation of Non-Cooperation Campaign: Launched by the Khilafat Committee, the formal movement aimed to address grievances regarding the Punjab and Khilafat injustices.

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Description

Explore the formation and impact of the All India Khilafat Committee in 1919. Led by key figures like the Ali brothers and Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, this movement aimed to influence British policies regarding Turkey. Learn about the conference in Delhi and the subsequent call for boycott against British goods.