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Questions and Answers
Who are the founders of Gestalt psychology?
Who are the founders of Gestalt psychology?
- Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow, Rollo May
- John Watson, B.F. Skinner, Edward Thorndike
- Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, Wolfgang Köhler (correct)
- Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler
What does Gestalt psychology emphasize about perception?
What does Gestalt psychology emphasize about perception?
- Perception is solely based on sensory inputs from the environment.
- Perception is determined entirely by past experiences.
- Perception can be broken down into individual elements.
- Perception is a holistic experience that is greater than the sum of its parts. (correct)
How does Gestalt psychology contrast with structuralism?
How does Gestalt psychology contrast with structuralism?
- Gestalt psychology supports the breakdown of experiences into elements.
- Gestalt psychology believes that all experiences are learned.
- Gestalt psychology disregards the significance of context in perception.
- Gestalt psychology emphasizes holistic perception, while structuralism emphasizes individual parts. (correct)
What key concept is associated with Abraham Maslow's perspective on human needs?
What key concept is associated with Abraham Maslow's perspective on human needs?
What does Maslow suggest about higher-level needs in his hierarchy?
What does Maslow suggest about higher-level needs in his hierarchy?
What was the primary focus of functionalism in psychology?
What was the primary focus of functionalism in psychology?
Which psychologist is known for founding psychoanalysis?
Which psychologist is known for founding psychoanalysis?
What does the psychoanalytic theory emphasize as crucial for resolving a patient's problems?
What does the psychoanalytic theory emphasize as crucial for resolving a patient's problems?
Which concept is central to B.F. Skinner's approach to behaviorism?
Which concept is central to B.F. Skinner's approach to behaviorism?
What did John B. Watson believe about the analysis of the mind?
What did John B. Watson believe about the analysis of the mind?
According to the principles of behaviorism, what outcome results from reinforcement?
According to the principles of behaviorism, what outcome results from reinforcement?
What does the unconscious mind contain according to Freud's theory?
What does the unconscious mind contain according to Freud's theory?
How did William James contribute to the field of psychology?
How did William James contribute to the field of psychology?
What psychological method did Socrates develop for examining thoughts and feelings?
What psychological method did Socrates develop for examining thoughts and feelings?
What theory did Aristotle outline that emphasizes the connection between past experiences and mental activity?
What theory did Aristotle outline that emphasizes the connection between past experiences and mental activity?
Who is considered the first psychologist and founded the field of structuralism?
Who is considered the first psychologist and founded the field of structuralism?
What was the primary focus of structuralism in psychological studies?
What was the primary focus of structuralism in psychological studies?
What concept was integral to William James's approach to psychology?
What concept was integral to William James's approach to psychology?
Which of the following accurately describes functionalism?
Which of the following accurately describes functionalism?
When was the psychology laboratory established by Wundt?
When was the psychology laboratory established by Wundt?
Which approach focuses more on combining objective sensations and subjective feelings?
Which approach focuses more on combining objective sensations and subjective feelings?
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Study Notes
Early Psychological Studies
- Socrates developed introspection, a method for examining one's own thoughts and feelings.
- Aristotle introduced associationism, suggesting that past experiences are fundamental to mental activity.
Structuralism
- Wilhelm Wundt, regarded as the first psychologist, established psychology as the scientific study of consciousness.
- Founded structuralism, which aimed to understand the basic elements of the mind's consciousness.
- Wundt established the first psychology laboratory in Leipzig in 1879, where he conducted experiments with his students.
Functionalism
- William James, considered the father of American psychology, was a key founder of functionalism.
- Functionalism focuses on how mental processes help organisms to adapt to their environment rather than on individual parts.
- Influenced by Darwin's theory of natural selection, functionalism emphasizes the overall function of behavior in the world.
Psychoanalytic Theory
- Sigmund Freud introduced psychoanalysis, highlighting the influence of the unconscious mind on behavior.
- Freud believed many psychological issues stem from unresolved childhood conflicts and unconscious impulses.
- Gaining access to the unconscious is vital for resolving psychological problems.
Behaviorism
- John B. Watson founded behaviorism, defining psychology as the study of observable behavior.
- Watson argued against introspection, focusing instead on behaviors that can be controlled and analyzed objectively.
- B.F. Skinner expanded on behaviorism, emphasizing reinforcement and punishment as key factors in shaping behavior.
Gestalt Psychology
- Developed by Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, and Wolfgang Köhler, Gestalt psychology asserts that perceptions of objects are more than their individual parts.
- Gestalt psychology argues that experiences should be understood as whole configurations, opposing the structuralist view that breaks down experience into elements.
Humanistic Psychology
- Humanism emphasizes the inherent potential for goodness in all humans.
- Abraham Maslow, a prominent humanistic psychologist, proposed a hierarchy of human needs.
- Maslow’s hierarchy suggests that basic survival needs must be met before higher-order needs, such as social and self-actualization needs, motivate behavior.
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