Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following psychologists is credited with founding the American Psychological Association?
Which of the following psychologists is credited with founding the American Psychological Association?
What is the primary focus of functionalist psychologists?
What is the primary focus of functionalist psychologists?
What is the term for the type of learning demonstrated by Ivan Pavlov's experiments with dogs?
What is the term for the type of learning demonstrated by Ivan Pavlov's experiments with dogs?
Which of the following approaches to psychology is most concerned with the role of unconscious conflicts in behavior?
Which of the following approaches to psychology is most concerned with the role of unconscious conflicts in behavior?
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What is the primary focus of industrial/organizational psychologists?
What is the primary focus of industrial/organizational psychologists?
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Which of the following domains of psychology is concerned with helping people adapt to change or make changes in their lifestyle?
Which of the following domains of psychology is concerned with helping people adapt to change or make changes in their lifestyle?
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What is the primary concept of mind-body dualism?
What is the primary concept of mind-body dualism?
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Who is credited with the phrase 'I think, therefore I am'?
Who is credited with the phrase 'I think, therefore I am'?
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What is the concept of tabula rasa?
What is the concept of tabula rasa?
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What is the main focus of Wundt's introspective approach?
What is the main focus of Wundt's introspective approach?
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What is the central debate in the nature-nurture controversy?
What is the central debate in the nature-nurture controversy?
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Who believed that reality is best studied by observation?
Who believed that reality is best studied by observation?
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Study Notes
Founders of Psychology
- Stanley Hall founded the American Psychological Association, established a psychology lab at Johns Hopkins University, and became its first president.
- Edward Titchener brought introspection to his Cornell University lab, analyzed consciousness into its basic elements, and investigated how they are related.
Early Psychology Approaches
- Structuralism included Wundt, Hall, and Titchener, focusing on analyzing consciousness into its basic elements.
- Functionalism applied psychological findings to practical situations and studied how mental operations adapt to the environment (stream of consciousness).
- Behaviorism and applied psychology followed functionalism.
Behavioral Psychology
- Ivan Pavlov's experiments on stimulus–response learning paved the way for behaviorism, which dominated psychology in America from the 1920s to the 1960s.
- Behaviorists examine the ABCs of behavior: Antecedent environmental conditions, Behavior, and Consequences.
Other Psychology Approaches
- Psychoanalytic theory explains mental disorders, personality, and motivation through unconscious internal conflicts, free will, and personal growth.
- Evolutionary psychologists explain behavior patterns as adaptations naturally selected because they increase reproductive success.
Domains of Psychology
- Clinical psychologists treat people with temporary psychological crises and chronic psychiatric disorders.
- Counseling psychologists help people adapt to change or make changes in their lifestyle.
- Health/positive psychologists concentrate on biological, psychological, and social factors involved in health and illness.
- Industrial/organizational psychologists aim to improve productivity and the quality of work life.
Roots of Psychology
- The roots of psychology can be traced to philosophy and physiology/biology over 2, 000 years ago in ancient Greece.
- Hippocrates thought the mind or soul resided in the brain but was not composed of physical substance (mind-body dualism).
- Plato believed in dualism and used self-examination to conclude that who we are and what we know are innate.
- Aristotle believed that the mind/soul results from our anatomy and physiological processes (monism).
- Descartes defended mind-body dualism and that what we know is innate.
- Locke believed that mind and body interact symmetrically (monism), knowledge comes from observation, and what we know comes from experience since we are born without knowledge.
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Description
Explore the roots of psychology in ancient Greece, where philosophers and physicians like Hippocrates and Plato laid the foundation for modern psychology. Learn about their ideas on mind-body dualism, innate knowledge, and self-examination. Discover how their contributions shaped the development of psychology.
