History of Psychological Testing
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Questions and Answers

Who coined the term 'mental test'?

  • Alfred Binet
  • Wilhelm Wundt
  • James McKeen Cattell (correct)
  • Francis Galton

    • The first systematic tests were developed in ancient Greece.

    False

    What was the primary purpose of the first tests in China?

    Selecting people for government jobs

    Binet and Simon developed the first intelligence test to identify intellectually disabled school children in _________.

    <p>Paris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following individuals with their contributions to the field of testing:

    <p>Francis Galton = Devised measures for psychological variables Wilhelm Wundt = Started the first experimental psychology laboratory James McKeen Cattell = Introduced mental testing in America Binet and Simon = Developed the first intelligence test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Goddard's research using a translated Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test primarily led to what outcome?

    <p>Overestimation of mental deficiency in non-native English speakers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    IQ tests developed in the 1930s and 1940s were designed to be universally applicable across all cultures.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one challenge that can arise when translating mental health assessments?

    <p>Nuances of meaning can be lost.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In timed tests, variations in task completion pace across cultures can be a ______.

    <p>problem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following cultural values with their descriptions:

    <p>Collectivist = Emphasizes conformity, cooperation, and group goals Individualist = Values personal autonomy, self-reliance, and competitiveness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of communication is particularly emphasized in psychoanalysis?

    <p>Symbolic meaning of nonverbal behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Trained examiners can always easily identify language deficits in both written and verbal assessments.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are two ways cultures differ that may affect assessments?

    <p>Gender roles, views of psychopathology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common cause of conflict when using tests in vocational assessment?

    <p>Systematic differences in test scores among groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Public concern about testing arose only after the publication of Jensen's controversial article in 1969.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What event prompted an increase in ability and aptitude testing in U.S. schools?

    <p>The launch of Sputnik by the Soviet Union</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Many states in the 1970s passed laws requiring high school graduates to meet 'minimal competencies' in reading, writing, and ______.

    <p>arithmetic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main objective of truth-in-testing legislation?

    <p>To provide test-takers with information on how they are being evaluated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Arthur Jensen's research confirmed that environmental factors are the sole cause of differences in intelligence between racial groups.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Arthur Jensen suggest in his 1969 article in the Harvard Educational Review?

    <p>That genetic factors may be implicated in differences in intelligence between racial groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following concepts with their related description:

    <p>Minimal competency testing = Ensuring high school graduates have basic skills Truth-in-testing legislation = Providing test takers with evaluation criteria Sputnik launch = Prompted increased testing in schools Jensen's research = Suggested genetic factors impact intelligence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary purpose of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC)'s creation?

    <p>To enforce the Civil Rights Act of 1964.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Frye standard permits scientific research as evidence only if the study has general acceptance in the scientific community.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the ways the 'general acceptance' standard could be established according to the 1923 Frye ruling?

    <p>Testimony of experts or reference to peer reviewed publications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The case of PARC v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania prompted Congress to ensure appropriate educational opportunities for children with ___________.

    <p>disabilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the court case with its impact:

    <p>Frye v. United States = Established the 'general acceptance' standard for scientific evidence. Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals = Superseded the Frye standard, granting trial judges more leeway. PARC v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania = Prompted improved educational opportunities for children with disabilities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to some scholars, what should be the focus if employment tests are valid and useful, despite performance gaps in various groups?

    <p>Addressing the skill gap that causes the performance differences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Daubert ruling decreased the power of trial judges to decide what expert testimony could be used.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which two types of cases might psychologists serve as expert witnesses?

    <p>civil or criminal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component of competency for testtakers?

    <p>Demonstrating a basic understanding of the testing location.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Testtakers always have the right to receive detailed information about their performance.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe information provided by clients to psychologists that's protected in most states?

    <p>privileged information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a testtaker cannot provide competency, consent may be obtained from a parent or a legal ________.

    <p>representative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following concepts to their descriptions:

    <p>Informed Consent = Testtakers understanding the nature and usage of tests before participation Competency = The capacity of a testtaker to make reasoned decisions Privileged Information = Confidential client information shared with a psychologist Stigmatizing Label = A potentially harmful or derogatory label used for test results</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is a psychologist ethically allowed to disclose a client's information?

    <p>When it will prevent harm to the client or a third party.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Test findings should always be explained in a way that promotes the best possible self-image of the testtaker.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should test users sensitively inform testtakers about, in addition to the test's purpose?

    <p>the meaning of the score relative to others and the test's possible limitations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the APA's ethical standards, what level of test requires supervised experience in its use?

    <p>Level C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Level A tests require substantial understanding of psychology and supervised experience.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one challenge in testing people with disabilities.

    <p>transforming the test into a form that can be taken by the testtaker</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Under Oregon’s Death with Dignity Act, terminally ill patients requesting assistance dying must first have a ______ evaluation.

    <p>psychological</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT typically an issue associated with computerized psychological assessments?

    <p>The need for the test taker to have access to an expensive computer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Computerized psychological assessments always produce the same results as traditional pencil-and-paper versions.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following test levels with their descriptions:

    <p>Level A = Can be administered with the aid of the manual Level B = Requires some knowledge of test construction and psychology Level C = Requires substantial understanding of testing and supervised experience</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one advantage of computerized test administration?

    <p>convenience</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Chapter 2: Historical, Cultural, and Legal/Ethical Considerations

    • This chapter explores the history, cultural influences, and legal/ethical aspects of psychological testing.

    A Historical Perspective

    • The first systematic tests were developed in China around 2200 B.C.E. for selecting government officials.
    • Ancient Greco-Roman writings attempted to categorize people based on personality types.
    • Darwin's work sparked interest in individual differences, leading his cousin, Francis Galton, to develop measures for psychological variables.
    • Wilhelm Wundt established the first experimental psychology laboratory in Germany, focusing on variables like reaction time and attention span.
    • James McKeen Cattell coined the term "mental test" in 1890, introducing mental testing to America.
    • The 20th century saw the development of intelligence tests, including the first by Binet and Simon in 1905 for identifying intellectually disabled children.
    • Psychological tests became commonplace in schools, clinics, courts, hospitals, and prisons.
    • World Wars I and II increased demand for large-scale testing of recruits.
    • By the 1930s, approximately 4,000 psychological tests were developed, with the Woodworth Psychoneurotic Inventory being among the earliest self-report personality tests.
    • Self-report tests, while allowing individuals to provide insights into themselves, can be susceptible to biases and lack of self-awareness.
    • Projective tests, like the Rorschach Inkblot Test, rely on individuals projecting their needs and motivations onto ambiguous stimuli.
    • Psychological assessment has two main traditions: academic research and applied use in selecting applicants.

    Culture and Assessment

    • Culture encompasses socially transmitted behavior patterns, beliefs, and products within a particular population.
    • Professionals are increasingly aware of cultural influences on testing practices.
    • Henry Goddard's early work on testing immigrant populations, though controversial, highlighted potential biases in testing tools.
    • Goddard's findings relied on a translated Stanford-Binet test, which may have overestimated mental deficiency in immigrant groups.
    • Goddard sparked debate regarding nature vs. nurture in intellectual ability.
    • During the 1930s and 1940s, developers of IQ tests created culture-specific tests to address cultural bias concerns.
    • Cultural differences in verbal communication, nonverbal cues, and evaluation standards need consideration.
    • Nonverbal communication and behavior can vary across cultures.
    • Psychoanalysis emphasizes symbolic meaning behind nonverbal behaviors.
    • Evaluation standards regarding psychological traits can vary substantially across cultures, including cultural viewpoints on psychopathology, gender roles, and collectivism vs. individualism.
    • Collectivist cultures value traits like conformity, cooperation, and group goals, while individualist cultures prioritize self-reliance, independence, and uniqueness.

    Tests and Group Membership

    • Discrepancies in test scores among groups often lead to conflicts, particularly in vocational assessment.
    • Legal and ethical factors regarding test usage for hiring, firing, and related decisions are critical.
    • Public concern about the use and interpretation of tests for military, educational, and other purposes arose after World War I and Sputnik launch.
    • Public concern increased in 1969 with Arthur Jensen's article on intelligence scores and race.
    • Legal and ethical concerns for group membership in relation to test scores.
    • Minimal competency testing programs arose in many states.
    • Truth-in-testing legislation aimed to clarify criteria for test takers.
    • The Civil Rights Act of 1964 led to the creation of the EEOC and efforts to prevent discriminatory practices in employment testing using guidelines.
    • Issues arise with public demand for proportional representation in various contexts while trying to address inequities in test performance and ensure validity.
    • Legal precedents, like PARC v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania (1971) and Mills v. Board of Education of District of Columbia (1972) established guidelines concerning education for children with disabilities.
    • The 1923 Frye v. United States case set a precedent for the admissibility of expert testimony based on general acceptance within the scientific community.
    • The Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals ruling changed the standards for admitting scientific evidence in court, allowing less stringent general acceptance criteria, creating more leeway for trial judges.

    Concerns of the Profession

    • Professional organizations, like the APA, have established ethical guidelines for psychological testing and assessment.
    • In 1950, the APA outlined three levels of tests based on expertise required to administer, score, and interpret them.
    • Professionals must be aware of challenges in testing people with disabilities.
    • Concerns surrounding administered and scored tests online emerged, with regard to the value, and potential for unprofessionalism.

    Test-Takers' Rights

    • Test-takers have the right to know why they are being tested, how the data will be used, and to whom this information might be disclosed.
    • Test-takers consent to testing with full information.
    • Information presented must be understandable.
    • Individuals with disabilities may not have the capacity to consent.
    • Test-takers have the right to be informed of test findings and recommendations.
    • Testtakers have the right to privacy and confidentiality, though privilege is not absolute; psychologists may disclose if harm from withholding information is likely.
    • Test results should present the least stigmatizing label whenever possible.

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    Cohen 9e Chapter 2: Historical, Cultural, and Legal/Ethical Considerations PDF

    Description

    Explore the evolution and key contributors to psychological testing in this quiz. From ancient civilizations to modern developments like the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test, assess your knowledge on important milestones and cultural considerations in the field. Challenge yourself to match individuals with their contributions and understand the implications of testing across cultures.

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