Questions and Answers
What date was the Grito de Dolores proclaimed?
Who was the leader of the Royalists?
Iturbide
The Plan of Iguala was negotiated by Iturbide and ______ in 1821.
Vicente Guerrero
The Treaty of Córdoba made Mexico an independent constitutional monarchy.
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Define the term Mestizo.
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What was the purpose of the Solemn Act of the Declaration of Independence of Northern America?
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What were the three promises included in the Plan of Iguala?
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Which document declared the independence of Mexican America and called for a government of popular representation?
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The Liberal Triennium was a period from 1820 to 1823 characterized by the restoration of conservative policies.
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What was the stance of the Federal Constitution of the United Mexican States of 1824 on religion?
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Match the following historical figures with their contributions to the fight for independence:
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Study Notes
Grito de Dolores
- Marked September 16, 1810, as the start of the Mexican War of Independence.
- Proclaimed by Miguel Hidalgo in Dolores, calling for an end to 300 years of Spanish rule, land redistribution, and racial equality.
- Slogan included "death to bad government" and focused on overthrowing the gachupines (Spaniards).
Royalists
- Comprised of Mexicans of Spanish descent and conservative factions.
- Supported by American and European loyalists to the Spanish Monarchy.
- Led by Iturbide, who played a pivotal leadership role.
Plan of Iguala
- An independence plan for Mexico established in 1821.
- Included three main promises: Iturbide's coronation as emperor, the Roman Catholic Church's status as the official religion, and equal rights for all Mexicans.
- Negotiated by Iturbide and Vicente Guerrero.
Treaty of Córdoba
- Signed on August 24, 1821, by Spanish Viceroy Juan de O'Donojú.
- Approved the plan to make Mexico an independent constitutional monarchy.
- Iturbide became emperor in 1823, but later a republic was established by Santa Anna and Guadalupe Victoria.
Mexican War of Independence
- Lasted from 1810 to 1821, culminating in Mexico's independence from Spain.
- Led primarily by Criollo, Mestizo, and Amerindian groups seeking sovereignty.
Mestizo
- Defined as the offspring of an Indigenous mother and a Spanish father.
- Integral in the socio-political fabric of Mexico during the independence movement.
Early Life of Hidalgo
- Initially served as rector and was challenged by the Holy Roman Inquisition.
- Known for gambling and questioning the authority of the Catholic Church.
- Organized a literary club with notable figures like Allende and Dominguez to promote independence.
- Delivered the Grito de Dolores and is often referred to as the Father of Mexican Independence.
Early Life of Morelos
- Significant figure in the independence movement following Hidalgo's death.
- Continued the fight for Mexican sovereignty and governance.
Early Life of Santa Anna
- Prominent military leader and part of the caudillo tradition in Mexico.
Cádiz Cortes
- The first national assembly in Spain to assert sovereignty, convening during the French occupation (1810).
- Signaled the decline of monarchy and the rise of liberalism and democratization efforts.
Literary Club Members
- Juan de Aldama: military leader.
- Miguel Dominguez and Doña Josefa Ortiz Dominguez (La Corregidora): political figures advocating for independence.
- Epigmenio Gonzalez: local grocer contributing to the cause.
- Marino Galvan: postal clerk participating in organizing efforts.
Solemn Act of the Declaration of Independence of Northern America
- Convened by Morelos in response to Hidalgo's death to form a government.
- Signed on November 6, 1813, marking the first legal document claiming independence from Spain.
Sentimientos de la Nación
- Program announced by Morelos during the Supreme National Congress.
- Declared independence, established a popular representation government, and prohibited slavery and caste divisions.
Federal Constitution of the United Mexican States of 1824
- Established popular sovereignty and male universal suffrage.
- Abolished slavery and caste systems, and implemented a 5% income tax.
- Declared Roman Catholicism the official religion while abolishing judicial torture.
Liberal Triennium
- Spanned from 1820 to 1823, led by Rafael del Riego and mid-ranking officers.
- Aimed to restore the liberal Constitution of 1812, garnering significant support from the populace.
- King Ferdinand ultimately agreed to revolutionaries' demands, swearing by the constitution.
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Description
Explore key concepts and figures from the Wars of Mexican Independence with these flashcards. Delve into significant events like the Grito de Dolores and understand the roles of different groups, including the Royalists. Ideal for students looking to enhance their knowledge of Mexican history.
