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Questions and Answers
What is one way to demonstrate that a new test measures the same general area of behavior as other similar tests?
Which statistical technique is used to reduce the number of categories in which an individual's performance is described?
What happens to items that fail to show significantly more 'passes' in the upper criterion group compared to the lower criterion group?
Which technique involves correlating subtests with the total score, leading to the elimination of subtests with low correlation?
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How is Factor Analysis described in relation to analyzing behavior data?
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What role does the correlation between new and similar earlier tests play in construct validation?
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In construct validation, what does internal consistency refer to?
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What characteristic of items may lead to their elimination or revision in construct validation?
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What is the primary purpose of factor analysis in test construction?
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Study Notes
Philippine Psychology Act of 2009
- Psychological Assessment Unit 1 is governed by Republic Act 10029, also known as the Philippine Psychology Act of 2009
- A Psychometrician is authorized to administer and score objective personality tests, interpret results, and conduct preparatory intake interviews, under the supervision of a licensed professional psychologist
- A Psychologist is qualified to deliver psychological services, including psychological interventions, assessment, and programs
History of Psychological Testing
- The Chinese had a sophisticated civil service testing program over 4000 years ago, with oral examinations every third year to determine work evaluations and promotion decisions
- By the Han Dynasty (206 B.C.E. to 220 C.E.), test batteries were commonly used to assess civil law, military affairs, agriculture, revenue, and geography
- Ancient Greeks used testing as an adjunct to the educational process, assessing mastery of physical and intellectual skills
Jean Etienne Esquirol
- Contributed to psychology through his work with inmates in insane asylums, differentiating between mental retardation and insanity
- Emphasized environmental and age factors as precipitants of mental disorders and the role of emotions in such disorders
- In 1838, devoted over 100 pages to "mental retardation," concluding that language is the most dependable criterion of intellectual level
Intelligence Testing
- Robert Yerkes organized a committee to assemble an intelligence test for selecting new recruits, resulting in the Army Alpha and Army Beta tests
- The Army Alpha test was a written test assessing abilities like following directions, arithmetic, and analogies
- The Army Beta test was developed for those with limited literacy, using pictures and symbols to test abilities like mazes, pattern identification, and picture completion
- The Army tests started the group IQ test movement
Aptitude Tests
- Psychologists saw the need for special aptitude tests to supplement global intelligence tests
- Examples of aptitude tests include mechanical, clerical, musical, and artistic aptitudes
- Statistical investigations using factor analysis led to the development of multi-aptitude batteries (Differential Ability Tests)
Personality Testing
- An early precursor of personality testing is illustrated by Kraepelin's use of free association test with psychiatric patients
Validity
- There are three categories of validity: content validity, criterion-related validity, and construct validity
- Content validity describes a judgment of how adequately a test samples behavior representative of the universe of behavior that the test is designed to sample
- Face validity is a judgment on how relevant the test items appear to be
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Description
Learn about the early history of intelligence testing with the development of the Army Alpha and Army Beta tests during World War I. Explore how psychologists like Robert Yerkes created these tests to assess cognitive abilities in recruits.
