History Chapter 1: The End of Bipolarity
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Questions and Answers

Who began to reform the system of the Soviet Union in 1985?

  • Stalin
  • Lenin
  • Yeltsin
  • Gorbachev (correct)

    • The Central Asian republics sought independence from the Soviet Union.

    False (B)

    What significant action was taken by the leaders of Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus in December 1991?

    Declared the disbanding of the Soviet Union

    The Communist Party of the Soviet Union was _____ in the post-Soviet era.

    <p>banned</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their descriptions:

    <p>Gorbachev = Leader who initiated reforms in 1985 Yeltsin = Leader after Gorbachev, declared the disbandment of the USSR Communist Party = Political party that was banned post-USSR Eastern European countries = Protested against Soviet control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which form of governance replaced the Soviet system in the post-Soviet republics?

    <p>Capitalism and democracy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Soviet Union remained unchanged after Gorbachev's reforms.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the primary reasons for the need for reforms in the Soviet Union?

    <p>To keep abreast of the information and technological revolutions in the West</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a major political issue in the Soviet Union before its collapse?

    <p>Political accountability (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Soviet Union was seen as superior to Western capitalism throughout its existence.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feelings did some Soviet citizens have towards Gorbachev's reforms?

    <p>Disappointment and impatience</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _____ Party ruled the Soviet Union for over 70 years.

    <p>Communist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following perceptions about the Soviet system with the groups that held them:

    <p>Members of the Communist Party = Believed they benefited from the system Ordinary citizens = Felt political accountability was lacking Disillusioned reformists = Wanted faster reforms Supporters of Western systems = Admired aspects of the Western system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a common reaction among those who were served by the Soviet system?

    <p>Belief in the superiority of the system (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Soviet Union faced unique disparities compared to Western systems.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What psychological effect did the backwardness of the Soviet system have on its citizens?

    <p>Shock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant reason for the economic revival in Central Asian Republics?

    <p>Natural resources (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nationalism and secessionism are considered the same concept.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name two major oil and gas producers in Central Asia.

    <p>Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Central Asia has become a zone of competition between outside powers and _____ companies.

    <p>oil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to a person celebrated as a nationalist hero if they fail?

    <p>They are condemned for crimes of secessionism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the Central Asian Republic with its characteristic.

    <p>Kazakhstan = Major oil producer Uzbekistan = Gas production Turkmenistan = Natural gas reserves Azerbaijan = Oil exports</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Afghanistan is geographically close to Central Asia.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has led to instability in Central Asian countries after their independence?

    <p>Fighting over river waters and competition for resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary effect of shock therapy on the Russian economy in the 1990s?

    <p>Ruined economies and disaster (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The old social welfare system was preserved during the transition to a market economy.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one consequence of the withdrawal of government subsidies in Russia?

    <p>Large sections of the people were pushed into poverty.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Russian currency that declined dramatically in value was the __________.

    <p>ruble</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which year was the real GDP of Russia reported to be below what it was in 1989?

    <p>1999 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following consequences of economic change with their descriptions:

    <p>Loss of savings = Caused by high inflation Emergence of mafia = Controlled economic activities Destruction of social welfare = Impact on living standards Disintegration of academic manpower = Migration of intellectuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Privatisation successfully integrated the old trading structure into the new economy.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant impact of the shock therapy on the middle class?

    <p>They were pushed to the periphery of society.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the main reforms initiated by Gorbachev?

    <p>Economic and political reform (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Soviet economy was thriving in the late 1970s.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who emerged as a national hero in opposing the coup in 1991?

    <p>Boris Yeltsin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gorbachev's policies of economic and political reform are collectively known as __________.

    <p>perestroika</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following individuals to their roles:

    <p>Mikhail Gorbachev = General Secretary of the Communist Party Joseph Stalin = Successor to Lenin Boris Yeltsin = Opposed the 1991 coup Gorbachev's reforms = Perestroika and Glasnost</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major event occurred in 1991?

    <p>The disintegration of the Soviet Union (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Food imports to the Soviet Union decreased during the late 1970s.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The economic and political reform policies initiated by Gorbachev were opposed by leaders within the __________.

    <p>Communist Party</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following was not an outcome of the disintegration of the USSR?

    <p>Crises in the Middle East (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Warsaw Pact was a military alliance started by the USSR.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who initiated the reforms in the USSR in 1985?

    <p>Mikhail Gorbachev</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Soviet political system was based on ___________________ ideology.

    <p>Communist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following leaders and concepts with their descriptions:

    <p>Mikhail Gorbachev = Introduced reforms Shock Therapy = Economic model Russia = Successor of USSR Boris Yeltsin = President of Russia Warsaw = Military pact</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What event symbolized the end of the Cold War?

    <p>Fall of the Berlin Wall (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    List any three features that distinguish the Soviet economy from that of a capitalist country like the US.

    <p>Central planning, state ownership of resources, lack of competition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Fall of the Berlin Wall is associated with the disintegration of the Soviet Union.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Chapter 1: The End of Bipolarity

    • The Berlin Wall, erected in 1961, became a powerful emblem of the ideological divide between the East and West during the Cold War. Its dramatic fall in 1989 marked an unprecedented moment of change.
    • This event triggered the collapse of the Second World and the end of the Cold War.
    • Germany, divided after World War II, was reunified.
    • Eight Eastern European countries, previously part of the Soviet bloc, replaced their communist governments due to mass demonstrations.
    • The Soviet Union didn't intervene militarily but observed the end of the Cold War.
    • USSR's disintegration was due to mass actions, not military force.
    • The chapter discusses the causes, consequences, and India's relationship with these countries post-Cold War.

    Berlin Wall

    • The Berlin Wall separated East and West Berlin, symbolizing the division between capitalist and communist worlds.
    • Built in 1961, it stood for 28 years.
    • The wall was finally broken by civilians on November 9, 1989.
    • Its dismantling marked the reunification of Germany and the start of the end of the communist bloc.

    Soviet System

    • The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) emerged after the 1917 Russian Revolution.
    • It was based on socialist ideals, aiming for an egalitarian society without private property, led by the Communist Party.
    • The state controlled the economy and planned production.
    • The Soviet state provided essentials like healthcare, education, childcare, and other welfare schemes.
    • The state owned land and production assets.
    • Post-World War II, Eastern European countries under Soviet control adopted similar political and economic systems.
    • The Warsaw Pact was formed, and the USSR led the Socialist Bloc.
    • Authoritarian and bureaucratic, limiting freedom of speech.
    • Lack of democracy and opposition.

    Gorbachev and Disintegration

    • Mikhail Gorbachev became General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in 1985.
    • He initiated reforms, including perestroika (economic restructuring) and glasnost (openness).
    • These reforms led to the collapse of communist regimes in Eastern Europe.
    • Gorbachev prevented intervention when disturbances occurred.
    • A coup attempt in 1991, though encouraged by hardliners, failed as the people favoured freedom.
    • Yeltsin's election as President of Russia contributed to the decline of the Soviet Union.
    • Dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, with Ukraine, Russia, and Belarus leading the move to disband.
    • The Communist Party of the Soviet Union was banned.

    Consequences of Disintegration

    • Disintegration of the Second World led to the end of Cold War confrontations.
    • There was no longer a struggle between capitalist and socialist systems.
    • Power relations changed significantly.
    • The rise of the US as the sole superpower was a possibility.
    • Independent countries emerged in the former Soviet bloc.
    • Rise of nationalism and the desire for sovereignty in various republics, including Russia, Baltic countries, and Ukraine.
    • Ethnic conflicts and civil wars occurred in some of the post-Soviet states.

    Shock Therapy in Post-Communist Regimes

    • This transition from an authoritarian socialist system to a democratic capitalist system involving the privatization of state assets and the replacement of collective farms with private farming.
    • Involved significant economic hardship in many former Soviet bloc countries.

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    Description

    This quiz covers Chapter 1 discussing the end of bipolarity following the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989. Learn about the reunification of Germany, the collapse of Eastern European communist regimes, and the role of the Soviet Union during this transformative period. Examine the causes and consequences of the Cold War's conclusion and India's subsequent relationships with these nations.

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