35 Questions
Which country spends the highest percentage of its GDP on healthcare?
US
What is the per capita cost for infants (younger than age 1) in Canada in 2020?
$14,541
Which age group consumes the highest percentage of public sector health care dollars spent by provinces/territories in Canada?
Seniors 65+
Which country has a healthcare system most similar to Canada in terms of private/public split and per capita expenditure?
Australia
According to the Canada Health Act, what is the primary objective of Canadian health care policy?
To protect, promote and restore the physical and mental well-being of residents of Canada
Which principle of the Canada Health Act ensures that all insured residents are entitled to the same insured health services provided on the same terms and conditions?
Universality
What percentage of total health expenditure in Canada came from public-sector funding in 2021?
74.7%
Which category of spending consistently represents the largest portion of health expenditure in Canada?
All of the above together
In 2022, which province/territory had the highest per capita expenditure on health?
Nunavut
What is the difference between 'health care' and 'illness care'?
'Health care' refers to the prevention and treatment of diseases, while 'illness care' refers to the management of existing illnesses.
What are the underlying principles of health care in Canada?
Equity, accessibility, and universality.
Where do nurses fit in the Canadian health care system?
Nurses play a crucial role in providing direct patient care and are an integral part of the health care team.
Which one of these is a key characteristic of empowerment?
A process by which people exercise their ability to effect change
What is the primary focus of public health nursing?
Improving the health of populations in the community
What is the goal of population health promotion?
To improve the health of the entire population and reduce health inequities
What is a key characteristic of home health nursing?
Enhances individuals' capacity for self-care
Which of the following is considered a vulnerable population?
People who live in poverty
Which level of health care focuses on enabling people to increase control over and improve their health?
Level 1: Health Promotion
What is the main focus of community health nursing practice?
Health promotion and protection
What is the difference between primary care and primary health care?
Primary care focuses on personal health services, while primary health care includes population health priorities
What is the goal of empowerment-based models of community practice in community health nursing?
To promote health of populations and community groups
What is the role of primary health care teams in improving access to health care?
To increase health literacy and self-management
Which statement about community health nursing is correct?
It is changing from universal programs to those directed to high-risk or vulnerable groups (or 'priority populations').
Vulnerable populations are:
Individuals who can be understood in relation to the social determinants of health
Which statement is true about population health in Canada?
It addresses the entire population and is aimed at eliminating health disparities.
What is the coverage requirement for individuals who move or travel within Canada or travel outside of Canada?
Partial personal coverage is required
Community health nursing focuses primarily on behavior modification and healthy lifestyles and workplace changes.
False
Community health nursing is resistant to many social, economic, political, and demographic influences in Canada.
False
Community health nursing is changing from universal programs to those directed to high-risk or vulnerable groups (or 'priority populations').
True
Vulnerable populations are individuals who have unusual and chronic conditions.
False
Vulnerable populations can be understood in relation to the social determinants of health.
True
Population health in Canada is the name of a new type of community health nursing.
False
Population health in Canada is a form of statistical data that addresses health concerns.
False
Population health in Canada addresses the entire population and is aimed at eliminating health disparities.
True
Population health in Canada addresses concerns that are present in certain populations.
False
Study Notes
The Canadian Health Care Delivery System
- The Canadian health care system is a publicly-funded, privately-provided system.
- The Canada Health Act (1984) sets out the primary objective of Canadian health care policy, which is to protect, promote, and restore the physical and mental well-being of residents of Canada and to facilitate reasonable access to health services without financial or other barriers.
- The system is guided by 5 principles:
- Public administration: every province/territory must administer and operate a not-for-profit health care system via regional/local authorities.
- Comprehensiveness: must cover all insured services.
- Universality: all insured residents are entitled to the same insured health services provided on the same terms and conditions.
- Portability: residents moving/traveling from one province/territory to another continue to be covered.
- Accessibility: all insured residents have access to essential medical services regardless of employment, finances, or health.
Federal and Provincial/Territorial Responsibilities
- Federal government:
- Canada Health Act and laws to promote, preserve, and oversee health care in Canada.
- Holding provincial/territorial governments accountable to following the principles for delivery.
- Financial support for provincial delivery of health care.
- Delivering direct health care services to specific groups (e.g. veterans, First Nations, Inuit, and Metis).
- Provincial/territorial governments:
- Delivery and management of insured health services (e.g. hospital and physician care).
- Planning, financing, and evaluating hospital and physician care.
- Building and managing hospitals and other care settings.
Health Care Spending in Canada
- Total health expenditure in Canada in 2022 was $331 billion ($7,507 per person).
- Hospitals, drugs, and physician services are the largest categories of spending.
- Public health receives 5.3% of total health expenditure, while home and community care receives 3.8%.
- Spending on health care represents 12.9% of Canada's gross domestic product (GDP).
Nurses in Canada
- In 2019, there were 439,975 regulated nurses in Canada.
- The majority of regulated nurses (58.5%) work in hospitals.
- The supply of male regulated nurses has grown by 15.4% since 2015, compared to an increase of 3.9% for female nurses.
Health Care Cost Drivers
- Total health expenditure in Canada rose by 0.8% in 2022, following high growth in 2020 (13.2%) and 2021 (7.6%).
- Cost drivers include:
- High costs of new technologies and the push to use them in managing illness/disease.
- Population growth.
- An aging population.
- Per-person spending increases with age.
Sustainability of the Health Care System
- With rising costs, changing demographics, and evolving needs, the system is in crisis and requires reform to ensure sustainability.
- Strategies for cost reduction include:
- Implementing a public drug plan for Canada.
- Improving primary care and primary health care.
Primary Care and Primary Health Care
- Primary care focuses on personal health services (individual).
- Primary health care includes primary care and health education, nutrition, maternal and child health care, family planning, immunizations, and control of locally endemic disease (programs, population health priorities).
- Emphasis on health promotion and disease prevention (upstream).
Community Health Nursing
- Focuses on health promotion and protection, disease and injury prevention, and restorative and palliative care.
- Promotes health of populations and community groups.
- Includes:
- Public health nursing.
- Home health (community-based) nursing.
- Community mental health nursing.
- Street health.
- Outpost nursing.
- Parish nursing.
- Guided by primary health care principles and empowerment-based models of community practice.
Population Health
- An approach to health that aims to improve the health of the entire population and to reduce health inequities among population groups.
- Action is directed primarily at community levels with attention toward priority populations.
- Framework for public health programs includes:
- Health promotion.
- Disease and injury prevention.
- Health protection.
- Health surveillance.
- Health advocacy.
Test your knowledge on primary care and primary health care in Canada, and discover how gaps in coverage and access can lead to poor outcomes, such as struggles to afford medications. Learn about the importance of context and the role of primary health care in promoting overall health and well-being.
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