Historical Antecedents in Science and Civilization
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following civilizations is known for the development of the first suspension bridge?

  • Indian
  • Aztec
  • Maya
  • Inca (correct)

The Aztecs produced a calendar that was more complicated than those of other civilizations.

True (A)

What is quipu and which civilization is it associated with?

Quipu is a recording device made of colored threads and knots, associated with the Inca civilization.

In China, the invention of the _____ greatly influenced navigation and exploration.

<p>compass</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following scientific developments to their respective civilizations:

<p>Chinampa = Aztec Civilization Irrigation system = Inca Civilization Acupuncture = China Metallurgical works = India</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT part of the developments in Mesoamerican civilizations?

<p>Acupuncture (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

List one significant advancement made by ancient Egyptians.

<p>Egyptian pyramids</p> Signup and view all the answers

The scientific method was chiefly developed in the Middle East.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one significant achievement in the 17th century related to science?

<p>Collaboration between scientists and mathematicians (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Early Filipinos practiced a form of scientific inquiry based on rigorous experimental methods.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the British Royal Society provide for scientists?

<p>An outlet for the publication of scientists' work.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The early Filipinos' belief that various objects possess spiritual qualities is known as ______.

<p>animism</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following periods with their characteristics:

<p>Precolonial Period = Belief in animism and superstition Spanish Regime = Education primarily for the priesthood American Regime = Rapid advancement in science and technology 17th Century = Collaboration among scientific communities</p> Signup and view all the answers

What hindered early Filipinos from observing natural phenomena objectively?

<p>Their reliance on superstitious beliefs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the Spanish regime, higher education was mainly aimed at preparing individuals for technical professions.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one legacy that academics in the 17th century could build upon.

<p>European, Greek, or Middle Eastern scientific philosophy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which philosopher believed in the existence of two realms: the physical and the spiritual?

<p>Plato (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Aristotle's philosophy focuses on the abstract and perfect ideals in contrast to the physical world.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'telos' refer to in Aristotle's philosophy?

<p>inherent purpose or ultimate goal</p> Signup and view all the answers

John Stuart Mill proposed the greatest happiness principle as a foundational concept in _____ ethics.

<p>utilitarian</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does GDP primarily measure?

<p>Value of goods and services produced (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The increase in literacy rates leads to a more informed public and a just society.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Plato's Theory of Forms, the physical realm is considered only a _____ of the true reality.

<p>shadow</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the philosophers with their key ideas:

<p>Plato = Realm of Forms Aristotle = Tangible reality John Stuart Mill = Greatest happiness principle Utilitarianism = Maximizing happiness</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the goals of the Philippine Development Plan (2017-2022)?

<p>To build a high-trust society (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Philippine Development Plan aims to reduce inequality within the society.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does RA 7687 Scholarship Program provide?

<p>Scholarships and grants for deserving science students.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a major goal of the Commonwealth period in the Philippines?

<p>Achieving economic self-reliance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Philippine Development Plan emphasizes enhancing the social fabric, known as _______.

<p>malasakit</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following major development programs with their descriptions:

<p>Doppler Radars = Improving weather forecasting and disaster risk reduction. SETUP = Supporting SMEs to adopt technological innovations. Balik Scientist Act = Promoting knowledge sharing and technology flow. Philippine Space Agency = Implementing national and international space policies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Copernican Revolution supported the idea that the Earth is the center of the universe.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which technology was developed to enhance maternal and child health?

<p>Medical care for premature infants (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What government agencies were established during the period since independence in the Philippines?

<p>Department of Education and Culture (DepEd) and Department of Science and Technology (DOST)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The right to education was guaranteed to all Filipino children regardless of their ______.

<p>economic and social status</p> Signup and view all the answers

One of the aims of the Philippine Space Agency is to promote knowledge sharing.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary aim of the SETUP program?

<p>To assist SMEs in adopting technological innovations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following revolutions with their descriptions:

<p>Copernican Revolution = Shift from geocentric to heliocentric model Intellectual Revolution = Occurs when scientific premises are challenged Commonwealth period = Sought economic self-reliance for the Philippines</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor contributed to the chaos in the Philippines during the Commonwealth period?

<p>The arrival of Japanese troops (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Education played a minor role in the advancement of science and technology in the Philippines.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary mode of instruction utilized in the free primary education system provided by the Department of Public Instruction?

<p>English</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does verificationism require for a sentence to be considered valid?

<p>It must be perceived through the senses. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Falsification theory asserts that a statement is meaningful if it can be proven to be false.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of human flourishing?

<p>Living our best lives using our talents and virtues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to verification theory, a sentence is meaningful only if it can be _____ through observation.

<p>verified</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following examples would be considered meaningful according to verification theory?

<p>Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the theories with their definitions:

<p>Verification Theory = Meaning determined by ability to confirm through observation Verificationism = Requires sensory perception for validity Falsification Theory = Meaning determined by the potential to disprove a statement Empiricism = Gathers knowledge through observation and experience</p> Signup and view all the answers

A sentence like 'All swans are white' is considered meaningful until proven false.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key aspect that differentiates falsification theory from verification theory?

<p>Falsification theory focuses on disproving a statement, while verification theory focuses on confirming it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Historical Antecedents

Factors that led to the development of science and technology.

Mesoamerican Civilizations

Ancient civilizations in Central America, like the Maya, Inca, and Aztec.

Inca Irrigation

System of water management used by the Inca.

Aztec Chinampa

Raised fields used in Aztec agriculture.

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Science as an Idea

Systematic comprehension of the natural world through ideas, theories, explanations, and observations.

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Science as an Activity

Systematic study of the natural world through observation and experimentation.

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Science as a Body of Knowledge

Formal study of the natural world, comprising accumulated facts, principles, and laws.

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Science as a Social Activity

Human effort to comprehend the natural world, affecting life and interactions.

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Seventeenth-century scientific collaboration

Scientists, philosophers, mathematicians, and astronomers worked together to advance their respective fields.

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Medieval experimental methods

Outdated methods used to conduct scientific experiments in the Middle Ages.

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Scientific progress starting point

European, Greek, and Middle Eastern scientific thought provided a foundation for new ideas, either debunking or expanding upon existing theories.

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Scientific validation institutions

Organizations like the British Royal Society helped solidify science as a legitimate field by providing a platform for publishing research.

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Precolonial Filipino beliefs

Early Filipinos believed in animism, attributing spiritual qualities to natural phenomena.

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Animism definition

The belief that objects, places, and creatures have spirits and are associated with spiritual qualities.

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Spanish colonial education

Primary education during the Spanish era was largely religious, centered around the teachings of missionaries and priests.

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American regime scientific progress

Science and technology flourished rapidly during the American period in the Philippines.

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Commonwealth Period Goal

The Philippines aimed to become economically independent during the Commonwealth period.

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Commonwealth Period Success?

No, the Philippines did not achieve economic self-reliance during the Commonwealth period.

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Public Education in the Philippines

The Philippines implemented a public education system, granting scholarships, and creating science-related agencies and services.

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Copernican Revolution

The shift from an Earth-centered to a sun-centered model of the universe.

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Paradigm Shift in Science

A change in the basic assumptions and methods in science.

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DepEd's Role

DepEd oversees basic education institutions and creates policies for students in the Philippines.

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Free Primary Education

Education provided for free for the basic level, mostly for Filipinos.

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External Influences in the Philippines

External pressures (e.g. colonizers, trade) affect the nation's development.

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Philippine Development Plan (2017-2022) Goals

The key objectives for the Philippines from 2017-2022, aiming for a prosperous, middle-class society, healthy lives, innovation, and trust.

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Doppler Radars

Technology used to improve weather forecasting and disaster risk reduction in the Philippines.

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RA 7687 Scholarship Program

A program that provides financial aid to science students pursuing higher education or training.

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SETUP (Small and Medium Enterprises)

A strategy to help small businesses use technology to boost productivity and competitiveness.

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Balik Scientist Act

A law designed to attract & retain Filipino scientists to boost research & technological advancements.

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Philippine Space Agency

The govt agency responsible for space policies and development in the Philippines.

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Technology's impact on mortality rates

Technology has reduced the death rate of women and children during childbirth, leading to a healthier population.

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Enhancing the social fabric (malasakit)

A key area within the Philippine Development Plan, focusing on building stronger communal ties.

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Average Lifespan

The length of time an average person lives in a given time and location

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Literacy Rate

The percentage of a population that can read and write

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Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

The total value of goods and services produced in a country

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Realm of Forms

Plato's concept of a perfect, unchanging spiritual realm beyond the physical world

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Telos

Inherent purpose or ultimate goal of an entity, according to Aristotle

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Greatest Happiness Principle

Mill's ethical theory that aims to maximize happiness for the greatest number of people

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Utilitarian Ethics

Ethical theory focused on achieving the greatest happiness and well-being for the greatest number of people.

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Human Flourishing

Achieving a full and happy life, guided by philosophical principles

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Human Flourishing

Living our best lives by using our talents, abilities, and virtues to their fullest potential.

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Verification Theory

A theory about meaningfulness of sentences: a sentence is meaningful if it can be verified through observation, experience, or experiments.

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Meaningful Sentence

A statement that can be confirmed or denied based on observation, experience, or experiments.

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Falsification Theory

A theory about meaningfulness: a statement is meaningful if it can be proven false.

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Scientific Statement

Statements that can be proven false, creating meaning.

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Verificationism

Knowledge is valid only if perceived through the five senses.

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Empiricism

Gaining knowledge through observation and experience.

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Meaningless Statement

A statement that cannot be proven or disproven through observation, experience, or experiments.

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Study Notes

Historical Antecedents in the World

  • Mesoamerica:
    • Maya civilization
      • Chichen Itza, hydraulic systems, two complicated calendar systems, Mica
    • Inca civilization
      • First suspension bridge, irrigation system, Quipu, Inca textiles
    • Aztec civilization
      • Chinampa, Aztec calendar, antispamodic medication, Inca textiles
  • Asia:
    • India: Metallurgical works (iron, steel), medicine, astronomy, mathematics
    • China: Traditional medicines, acupuncture, iron plough, wheelbarrow, propeller, compass, papermaking, gunpowder, printing tools, seismology, records on supernovas, lunar, and solar eclipses
    • Middle East: Scientific method in Muslim world, algorithm

Development of Science in Africa

  • Experimental medicine
  • Geometry for agriculture
  • Alchemy
  • Human anatomy and pharmacology
  • Egyptian pyramids
  • Lebombo bone
  • Algebra and geometry
  • Metallurgy

Definition of Science

  • Science as an idea: Includes ideas, theories, and explanations about the natural and physical world.
  • Science as intellectual activity: Systematic study of the natural and physical world.
  • Science as a body of knowledge: A subject/discipline with knowledge about the natural and physical world.
  • Science as personal and social activity: Knowledge and activities to understand the world around us. It is interwoven with human lives, a means of improving life and survival.

The Change to Medieval Idea of Science

  • Seventeenth century scientists and philosophers collaborated with members of the mathematical and astronomical communities to create new methodologies for their work, which were inadequately addressed in medieval times.
  • Scientists realized the need for improved experimental methods.
  • Access to Greek and Middle Eastern scientific philosophy provided a foundation for further inquiry.
  • Institutions like the British Royal Society validated science as a field by providing an outlet for publication.

Historical Antecedents in the Philippines

  • Precolonial Period:
    • Filipinos practiced animism, believing that objects and creatures possessed spiritual qualities.
    • Early Filipinos relied on natural phenomena/spirits for explanations, hindering observations of natural phenomena.
  • Spanish Regime:
    • Various decrees to establish a school system were issued, but not effectively implemented.
    • Primary instruction was mainly provided by missionaries and parish priests.
  • American Regime:
    • Science and technology rapidly advanced due to government support, like scholarships, science research agencies, and public services.
    • Education played a role in advancement.
    • Filipino children were granted the right to education despite socioeconomic factors.
    • English was the primary mode of instruction.
  • Commonwealth Period:
    • The Philippines' movement towards political independence commenced.
    • Government corporations were established.
    • Economic self-reliance was a stated goal but ultimately unsuccessful, primarily due to foreign trade policies still controlled by the US.
  • Period Since Independence:
    • Created new institutions like the Department of Education and the Department of Science and Technology (DOST).
    • DepEd is overseeing the basic education system and fostering the welfare of Filipino students in basic education.

Intellectual Revolutions

  • Paradigm shift: When scientific activity or experimentation challenges existing unshakeable expert premises, resulting in a new and different paradigm replacing the dominant one.
  • Copernican Revolution: The transition from the Earth-centered to a Sun-centered model of the universe, proposed by Nicolaus Copernicus.
  • Darwinian Revolution: Charles Darwin's "On the Origin of Species," proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection, explaining how organisms evolve over successive generations.
  • Freudian Revolution: Sigmund Freud hypothesized the importance of unconscious factors on behavior and emotions, with the conscious, unconscious, and preconscious mind as distinct levels of mental evaluation.

Major Development Programs in Science and Technology in the Philippines

  • Doppler Radars: Designed to improve weather forecasting and disaster preparedness.
  • RA 7687 Scholarship Program: Provides incentives for aspiring scientists to pursue advanced study.
  • SETUP: Program to encourage small and medium-sized enterprises to adopt technological innovations for enhanced productivity and competitiveness.
  • Balik Scientist Act: Aims to facilitate the flow of new technologies into the country and strengthen the human resources of experts.
  • Philippine Space Agency (PhilSA): Created to support the development national and international space policies.
  • Mortality Rates: Technology has improved maternal care and healthcare, reducing infant and child mortality.
  • Average Lifespan: Advances in medicine and healthcare contribute to longer lifespans.
  • Literacy Rates: Access to education leads to a more informed public.
  • Gross Domestic Product (GDP): Indicators of a country's economic output.

The Good Life and the Role of Technology To Achieve It

  • Plato's philosophy: Two realms, physical (imperfect) and spiritual (Realm of Forms).
  • Aristotle's philosophy: Reality is grounded in the tangible physical world. Purpose (telos) is a means of achieving the good life.
  • Greatest Happiness Principle (utilitarianism): Actions that maximize happiness for the greatest number are morally right.

Human Flourishing in Terms of Science and Technology

  • Eudaimonia: Living well, flourishing, and achieving one's full potential.
  • Aristotle's concept: Human flourishing involves performing our unique function (use of reason and intellect).
  • Science and technology: Means to cultivate virtue and live a fulfilling life, enhance overall wellbeing and happiness.

Verification and Falsification

  • Verificationism: Statements are meaningful only if they can be verified through observation or experience.
  • Falsificationism: Statements are meaningful if they can be proven false through observation or experience.

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Description

This quiz explores the key historical antecedents of science and civilization across various cultures, including Mesoamerica, Asia, and Africa. Delve into the contributions of the Maya, Inca, and Aztec civilizations, as well as advancements in India, China, and the Middle East. Test your knowledge on experimental medicine, geometry, and the development of scientific ideas in these regions.

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