Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which hypothesis suggests that events and ideas manifest due to a unique combination of time and place?
Which hypothesis suggests that events and ideas manifest due to a unique combination of time and place?
- Zeitgeist/Ortgeist Hypothesis (correct)
- Special person hypothesis
- Presentism
- Cyclical repetitions hypothesis
What does the cyclical repetitions hypothesis imply about the nature of historical events?
What does the cyclical repetitions hypothesis imply about the nature of historical events?
- History is solely determined by individual actions.
- Historical events are completely random and unpredictable.
- Historical events reoccur in cycles in new forms. (correct)
- History is linear and cannot repeat itself.
In the context of historical analysis, what does the term 'presentism' refer to?
In the context of historical analysis, what does the term 'presentism' refer to?
- Understanding historical values in their specific context.
- The idea that history is entirely random.
- The belief that extraordinary individuals shape history.
- Evaluating past events based solely on present values. (correct)
Which concept involves attributing human-like traits to non-human entities?
Which concept involves attributing human-like traits to non-human entities?
What does the randomness (chaos) hypothesis suggest about history?
What does the randomness (chaos) hypothesis suggest about history?
Which belief system is defined as a system of beliefs about a universal spirit and the human soul's place within it?
Which belief system is defined as a system of beliefs about a universal spirit and the human soul's place within it?
The special person hypothesis attributes significant historical changes to which factor?
The special person hypothesis attributes significant historical changes to which factor?
What does the concept of animism entail regarding the understanding of non-human entities?
What does the concept of animism entail regarding the understanding of non-human entities?
What is the primary assumption of Monism regarding reality?
What is the primary assumption of Monism regarding reality?
Which perspective suggests that material processes are the sole source of mental phenomena?
Which perspective suggests that material processes are the sole source of mental phenomena?
What does Double Aspecticism propose about spirit and nature?
What does Double Aspecticism propose about spirit and nature?
What does Pluralism assert about ontological status?
What does Pluralism assert about ontological status?
According to rationalism, what is preferred over empirical induction in science?
According to rationalism, what is preferred over empirical induction in science?
Which theory suggests new qualities emerge from the combination of physical elements?
Which theory suggests new qualities emerge from the combination of physical elements?
What is the primary component of a scientific paradigm?
What is the primary component of a scientific paradigm?
Which concept refers to the view that there are multiple schools of thought in science without hierarchical rules?
Which concept refers to the view that there are multiple schools of thought in science without hierarchical rules?
Which philosopher is associated with the concept of hypotheses needing to be falsifiable?
Which philosopher is associated with the concept of hypotheses needing to be falsifiable?
What does Occasionalism assert about the interaction of body and soul?
What does Occasionalism assert about the interaction of body and soul?
What describes the process of scientific advancement according to Kuhn's paradigm model?
What describes the process of scientific advancement according to Kuhn's paradigm model?
What does Epiphenomenalism suggest about mental events?
What does Epiphenomenalism suggest about mental events?
In what context is the term 'A priori' used?
In what context is the term 'A priori' used?
What does Attributive Pluralism emphasize?
What does Attributive Pluralism emphasize?
What is the primary aim of science as it pertains to understanding the universe?
What is the primary aim of science as it pertains to understanding the universe?
What distinguishes causal laws from observational and correlational laws in scientific generalizations?
What distinguishes causal laws from observational and correlational laws in scientific generalizations?
How did Aristotle categorize different types of causes?
How did Aristotle categorize different types of causes?
What was the significant shift proposed by John Watson regarding the field of psychology?
What was the significant shift proposed by John Watson regarding the field of psychology?
What philosophical principle expresses that the universe is knowable and events within it are consistent?
What philosophical principle expresses that the universe is knowable and events within it are consistent?
In the context of philosophical inquiry, what does epistemology primarily concern?
In the context of philosophical inquiry, what does epistemology primarily concern?
What key concept does the term 'psychology' trace back to in ancient Greek literature?
What key concept does the term 'psychology' trace back to in ancient Greek literature?
What main critique do some scholars pose regarding ex-post-factum explanations in science?
What main critique do some scholars pose regarding ex-post-factum explanations in science?
What concept did Alfred Bandura re-introduce into psychology during his time?
What concept did Alfred Bandura re-introduce into psychology during his time?
What methodological approach contrasts nomothetic in psychology?
What methodological approach contrasts nomothetic in psychology?
In modern psychology, what necessity arises from the aspiration to be recognized as a science?
In modern psychology, what necessity arises from the aspiration to be recognized as a science?
What does the term 'materialism' refer to in the context of philosophical ontology?
What does the term 'materialism' refer to in the context of philosophical ontology?
Which historical figure contributed to the development of the term 'psychology' as recognized today?
Which historical figure contributed to the development of the term 'psychology' as recognized today?
The observation that a relationship exists between two measurable variables reflects which type of law in science?
The observation that a relationship exists between two measurable variables reflects which type of law in science?
What was the primary focus of Hippocrates in treating diseases?
What was the primary focus of Hippocrates in treating diseases?
According to Pythagoras, what is considered the best way to know the essence of reality?
According to Pythagoras, what is considered the best way to know the essence of reality?
What was Alcmaeon of Croton's contribution to the understanding of health?
What was Alcmaeon of Croton's contribution to the understanding of health?
What does the Hippocratic Oath emphasize as a core principle?
What does the Hippocratic Oath emphasize as a core principle?
What is the primary implication of the theory of eidola?
What is the primary implication of the theory of eidola?
How did Hippocrates view the concept of 'melancholia'?
How did Hippocrates view the concept of 'melancholia'?
What did Pythagoras consider the relationship between the body and the soul?
What did Pythagoras consider the relationship between the body and the soul?
What did Alcmaeon establish about the brain's role?
What did Alcmaeon establish about the brain's role?
In Hippocrates' view, what is the role of the physician?
In Hippocrates' view, what is the role of the physician?
What type of relationship did Pythagoras believe was essential to uncover the universe's secrets?
What type of relationship did Pythagoras believe was essential to uncover the universe's secrets?
What does Protagoras assert about truth and perception?
What does Protagoras assert about truth and perception?
Which of the following statements best reflects Socrates's view on self-knowledge?
Which of the following statements best reflects Socrates's view on self-knowledge?
How does Plato differentiate between sensory information and rational knowledge?
How does Plato differentiate between sensory information and rational knowledge?
What represents the essence of things in Plato's philosophy?
What represents the essence of things in Plato's philosophy?
What was one of Socrates's main methods for eliciting philosophical insight?
What was one of Socrates's main methods for eliciting philosophical insight?
Which of the following statements about the sophists is true?
Which of the following statements about the sophists is true?
What critical view did Socrates hold towards relativism?
What critical view did Socrates hold towards relativism?
Which philosophy did Aristotle contribute to after studying under Plato?
Which philosophy did Aristotle contribute to after studying under Plato?
What change occurred in the understanding of mental illness during the transition from ancient cultures to Greek philosophy?
What change occurred in the understanding of mental illness during the transition from ancient cultures to Greek philosophy?
Which idea reflects the holistic approach towards well-being in ancient Greek philosophy?
Which idea reflects the holistic approach towards well-being in ancient Greek philosophy?
Which aspect is emphasized in both Jewish culture and Confucianism?
Which aspect is emphasized in both Jewish culture and Confucianism?
What is the primary goal of meditation in Daoism?
What is the primary goal of meditation in Daoism?
What is a significant teaching of Buddhism regarding human existence?
What is a significant teaching of Buddhism regarding human existence?
What is Zoroastrianism's view on the nature of the divine?
What is Zoroastrianism's view on the nature of the divine?
Which civilization is recognized as the first advanced European urban civilization?
Which civilization is recognized as the first advanced European urban civilization?
In the context of Greek mythology, what does the behavior of gods primarily represent?
In the context of Greek mythology, what does the behavior of gods primarily represent?
Which philosopher proposed that water is the fundamental element of the universe?
Which philosopher proposed that water is the fundamental element of the universe?
What was the consequence of the beliefs held by Democritus regarding the nature of the universe?
What was the consequence of the beliefs held by Democritus regarding the nature of the universe?
What core idea is shared among the pre-Socratic philosophers about the cosmos?
What core idea is shared among the pre-Socratic philosophers about the cosmos?
How does Hinduism view the process of attaining the essence of things?
How does Hinduism view the process of attaining the essence of things?
What did Anaximander propose as the basic element of the cosmos?
What did Anaximander propose as the basic element of the cosmos?
What is a shared belief between Zoroastrianism and Hinduism regarding human actions?
What is a shared belief between Zoroastrianism and Hinduism regarding human actions?
What does Empedocles' theory identify as the four basic elements?
What does Empedocles' theory identify as the four basic elements?
What does ataraxia emphasize as a pathway to happiness?
What does ataraxia emphasize as a pathway to happiness?
Which philosophical movement emerged as a response to skepticism in the Hellenistic period?
Which philosophical movement emerged as a response to skepticism in the Hellenistic period?
In Gnosticism, what does the term 'gnosis' refer to?
In Gnosticism, what does the term 'gnosis' refer to?
What is the central theme of St. Paul's teachings on human nature?
What is the central theme of St. Paul's teachings on human nature?
How did the Hellenistic period's view of knowledge shift compared to earlier Greek philosophies?
How did the Hellenistic period's view of knowledge shift compared to earlier Greek philosophies?
What was St. Paul's perspective on God’s nature?
What was St. Paul's perspective on God’s nature?
What does the concept of Hermeticism suggest about human understanding of the universe?
What does the concept of Hermeticism suggest about human understanding of the universe?
What event marked the beginning of the system of designating years as A.D. or B.C.?
What event marked the beginning of the system of designating years as A.D. or B.C.?
What reason underlies the Hellenistic shift away from the Greek legacy of reason?
What reason underlies the Hellenistic shift away from the Greek legacy of reason?
Which significant artwork was sculpted by Michelangelo and can be found in St. Peter Basilica in Rome?
Which significant artwork was sculpted by Michelangelo and can be found in St. Peter Basilica in Rome?
In Raphael's painting The School of Athens, which philosopher is depicted as a portrait of Leonardo da Vinci?
In Raphael's painting The School of Athens, which philosopher is depicted as a portrait of Leonardo da Vinci?
Which invention is NOT attributed to Leonardo da Vinci?
Which invention is NOT attributed to Leonardo da Vinci?
What type of music continued in older forms such as motet and Mass during the Renaissance period?
What type of music continued in older forms such as motet and Mass during the Renaissance period?
Which artist's work is recognized for a significant influence on the development of both sacred and secular music during the Renaissance?
Which artist's work is recognized for a significant influence on the development of both sacred and secular music during the Renaissance?
What notable achievement did Michelangelo attain while working under the Pope's invitation in Rome?
What notable achievement did Michelangelo attain while working under the Pope's invitation in Rome?
Which of the following works was created by Botticelli?
Which of the following works was created by Botticelli?
What aspect of human and animal anatomy significantly interested Leonardo da Vinci?
What aspect of human and animal anatomy significantly interested Leonardo da Vinci?
What characterizes the 'Rational (Active) Soul' according to Aristotle?
What characterizes the 'Rational (Active) Soul' according to Aristotle?
In Stoicism, how is one advised to handle emotions in relation to life's events?
In Stoicism, how is one advised to handle emotions in relation to life's events?
Which philosophy suggests that happiness can be achieved by avoiding strong passions?
Which philosophy suggests that happiness can be achieved by avoiding strong passions?
What does the term 'ataraxia' refer to in Greco-Roman philosophy?
What does the term 'ataraxia' refer to in Greco-Roman philosophy?
Which of the following best describes the Cynics' view on societal norms?
Which of the following best describes the Cynics' view on societal norms?
According to Skepticism, how should individuals respond to perceptions of truth?
According to Skepticism, how should individuals respond to perceptions of truth?
What did Aristotle believe about the relationship between the soul and matter?
What did Aristotle believe about the relationship between the soul and matter?
What major shift occurred in the cultural center of Hellenic culture after Alexander's empire was divided?
What major shift occurred in the cultural center of Hellenic culture after Alexander's empire was divided?
What aspect of Stoicism distinguishes it from other philosophies of the era?
What aspect of Stoicism distinguishes it from other philosophies of the era?
What educational approach did Aristotle advocate for developing intellectual and moral virtues?
What educational approach did Aristotle advocate for developing intellectual and moral virtues?
What did the Greco-Roman philosophy of Epicureanism emphasize about pleasure?
What did the Greco-Roman philosophy of Epicureanism emphasize about pleasure?
What fundamental belief about truth is shared by Skepticism?
What fundamental belief about truth is shared by Skepticism?
What does the soul represent in Aristotle's view?
What does the soul represent in Aristotle's view?
What does Aristotle's concept of hylomorphism describe?
What does Aristotle's concept of hylomorphism describe?
Which of the following concepts refers to the purpose or ultimate goal driving changes in the universe according to Aristotle?
Which of the following concepts refers to the purpose or ultimate goal driving changes in the universe according to Aristotle?
What is the primary method through which true knowledge is acquired according to Plato?
What is the primary method through which true knowledge is acquired according to Plato?
How does Aristotle differentiate between human and non-human souls?
How does Aristotle differentiate between human and non-human souls?
What is the primary distinction between memory and recollection according to Aristotle?
What is the primary distinction between memory and recollection according to Aristotle?
Which of the following characteristics defines the world of forms?
Which of the following characteristics defines the world of forms?
How did Plato view the relationship between the body and the soul?
How did Plato view the relationship between the body and the soul?
Which of the following describes Aristotle's stance on the nature of dreams?
Which of the following describes Aristotle's stance on the nature of dreams?
What aspect of learning and habit did Aristotle emphasize as crucial for ethical behavior?
What aspect of learning and habit did Aristotle emphasize as crucial for ethical behavior?
Which quality was attributed to the rational soul according to Plato?
Which quality was attributed to the rational soul according to Plato?
What did Plato believe to be the primary cause of mental disorders?
What did Plato believe to be the primary cause of mental disorders?
Which factor distinguishes common sensibles from special objects of sense in Aristotle's theory of sensation?
Which factor distinguishes common sensibles from special objects of sense in Aristotle's theory of sensation?
What is the primary focus of Aristotle's epistemology?
What is the primary focus of Aristotle's epistemology?
According to Plato, how should ethics be established?
According to Plato, how should ethics be established?
What is the significance of the concept of entelecheia in Aristotle's philosophy?
What is the significance of the concept of entelecheia in Aristotle's philosophy?
In Plato's view, what is the ultimate source of pleasure?
In Plato's view, what is the ultimate source of pleasure?
Which statement best describes Aristotle's view on the relationship between sensation and perception?
Which statement best describes Aristotle's view on the relationship between sensation and perception?
What analogy did Plato use to describe the relationship between the soul's functions?
What analogy did Plato use to describe the relationship between the soul's functions?
Which of the following represents an aspect of Plato's theory concerning memory?
Which of the following represents an aspect of Plato's theory concerning memory?
What does Aristotle attribute as essential for human motivation and the pursuit of happiness?
What does Aristotle attribute as essential for human motivation and the pursuit of happiness?
In Aristotle's view, how does the process of imagination differ from perception?
In Aristotle's view, how does the process of imagination differ from perception?
What did Plato believe was crucial for good political leadership?
What did Plato believe was crucial for good political leadership?
What role does Aristotle assign to memory in relation to past experiences?
What role does Aristotle assign to memory in relation to past experiences?
Which of the following describes the concept of 'eros' in Plato's philosophy?
Which of the following describes the concept of 'eros' in Plato's philosophy?
What is the significance of the three divisions of the soul in Plato's philosophy?
What is the significance of the three divisions of the soul in Plato's philosophy?
Which statement aligns most closely with Aristotle's rejection of the chaotic nature of the universe?
Which statement aligns most closely with Aristotle's rejection of the chaotic nature of the universe?
What warning did Plato give regarding children's stories and fairytales?
What warning did Plato give regarding children's stories and fairytales?
What was Plato's stance on the influence of pleasure in human life?
What was Plato's stance on the influence of pleasure in human life?
What was a primary focus of some monastic orders during the Middle Ages?
What was a primary focus of some monastic orders during the Middle Ages?
Which of the following events sparked the Crusades in the late Medieval period?
Which of the following events sparked the Crusades in the late Medieval period?
What academic discipline emerged as a result of the intellectual climate of the High Medieval period?
What academic discipline emerged as a result of the intellectual climate of the High Medieval period?
What significant change did the Christian Council of Rome in 1215 mandate?
What significant change did the Christian Council of Rome in 1215 mandate?
Which scholar is well-known for his encyclopedic work 'Canon of Medicine'?
Which scholar is well-known for his encyclopedic work 'Canon of Medicine'?
What was a notable consequence of the Black Death in Europe?
What was a notable consequence of the Black Death in Europe?
What aspect of the mind does St. Paul highlight as being caught between terrestrial behavior and spirituality?
What aspect of the mind does St. Paul highlight as being caught between terrestrial behavior and spirituality?
Which architectural style emerged prominently during the High Medieval period?
Which architectural style emerged prominently during the High Medieval period?
In which area did Islamic scholars notably contribute during the Middle Ages?
In which area did Islamic scholars notably contribute during the Middle Ages?
How did Origen contribute to the understanding of the Hebrew scriptures?
How did Origen contribute to the understanding of the Hebrew scriptures?
What did the term 'Universitas Scholarium' refer to in Medieval education?
What did the term 'Universitas Scholarium' refer to in Medieval education?
What principle do physical pleasures violate, according to the content provided?
What principle do physical pleasures violate, according to the content provided?
Which technology was developed by Gutenberg in 1450?
Which technology was developed by Gutenberg in 1450?
What did Neo-Platonism primarily focus on in Plato's philosophy?
What did Neo-Platonism primarily focus on in Plato's philosophy?
What was a primary goal of the Teutonic Order established in 1190?
What was a primary goal of the Teutonic Order established in 1190?
What was St. Augustine's approach to understanding the moral dimension of human existence?
What was St. Augustine's approach to understanding the moral dimension of human existence?
Which philosophical approach sought to reconcile faith with reason during the Middle Ages?
Which philosophical approach sought to reconcile faith with reason during the Middle Ages?
What did Plotinus assert about the relationship between the soul and the universe?
What did Plotinus assert about the relationship between the soul and the universe?
What marked the division between the High Medieval and Late Medieval periods?
What marked the division between the High Medieval and Late Medieval periods?
Which concept did Claudius Galenus further develop from Hippocratesian theory?
Which concept did Claudius Galenus further develop from Hippocratesian theory?
What was the significance of the Church as an institution in early Christianity?
What was the significance of the Church as an institution in early Christianity?
Which early Christian figure defended the doctrine of the church and exemplified charity toward the poor?
Which early Christian figure defended the doctrine of the church and exemplified charity toward the poor?
What role did the papacy assume during the gradual disintegration of the Western empire?
What role did the papacy assume during the gradual disintegration of the Western empire?
What unique contribution did Saint Jerome make to the Christian scriptures?
What unique contribution did Saint Jerome make to the Christian scriptures?
What did St. Augustine emphasize regarding the faculties of the human soul?
What did St. Augustine emphasize regarding the faculties of the human soul?
What internal problem did early Christians face?
What internal problem did early Christians face?
What is described as the essence that defines human existence in Neo-Platonism?
What is described as the essence that defines human existence in Neo-Platonism?
What was a significant outcome of the Crusades in relation to intellectual life in Western Europe?
What was a significant outcome of the Crusades in relation to intellectual life in Western Europe?
What led to the fragmentation of the Holy Roman Empire after Charlemagne's death?
What led to the fragmentation of the Holy Roman Empire after Charlemagne's death?
What role did the Church play during the Middle Ages in Western Europe?
What role did the Church play during the Middle Ages in Western Europe?
Which event marked the official split between the Latin and Greek Churches?
Which event marked the official split between the Latin and Greek Churches?
What significant religious event occurred during the reign of Charlemagne?
What significant religious event occurred during the reign of Charlemagne?
How did the Byzantine Empire influence Western Europe during the Middle Ages?
How did the Byzantine Empire influence Western Europe during the Middle Ages?
What was a consequence of the decline of the Roman Empire that led into the Early Middle Ages?
What was a consequence of the decline of the Roman Empire that led into the Early Middle Ages?
What was the significance of monasticism during the Middle Ages?
What was the significance of monasticism during the Middle Ages?
What marked the emergence of mercantile economics in Western Europe?
What marked the emergence of mercantile economics in Western Europe?
Which of the following statements best describes the nature of medieval music?
Which of the following statements best describes the nature of medieval music?
What characterized the spread of Islam during the Early Middle Ages?
What characterized the spread of Islam during the Early Middle Ages?
Which of the following accurately describes the situation of Jews during the Early Middle Ages?
Which of the following accurately describes the situation of Jews during the Early Middle Ages?
How did the Papacy gain power during the Middle Ages?
How did the Papacy gain power during the Middle Ages?
What was the effect of the Huns' invasion on the stability of Europe?
What was the effect of the Huns' invasion on the stability of Europe?
What philosophical shift did St. Thomas Aquinas advocate in his theological approach?
What philosophical shift did St. Thomas Aquinas advocate in his theological approach?
What notable teaching method did Albertus Magnus employ that was considered controversial during his time?
What notable teaching method did Albertus Magnus employ that was considered controversial during his time?
What was the primary focus of Roger Bacon's empirical studies?
What was the primary focus of Roger Bacon's empirical studies?
How did the Middle Ages transform the perception of human existence?
How did the Middle Ages transform the perception of human existence?
In contrast to traditional Augustinian theology, what aspect did Aquinas accept regarding knowledge acquisition?
In contrast to traditional Augustinian theology, what aspect did Aquinas accept regarding knowledge acquisition?
What were the implications of the Hundred Years' War on the Church's authority?
What were the implications of the Hundred Years' War on the Church's authority?
What was a key element of the Renaissance as it emerged in Italy around 1350?
What was a key element of the Renaissance as it emerged in Italy around 1350?
Which aspect of Roger Bacon's work was most criticized by his contemporaries?
Which aspect of Roger Bacon's work was most criticized by his contemporaries?
What principle concerning the body and soul did St. Thomas Aquinas emphasize?
What principle concerning the body and soul did St. Thomas Aquinas emphasize?
What impact did the schism within the Church have on religious authority during the late Middle Ages?
What impact did the schism within the Church have on religious authority during the late Middle Ages?
What characteristic of the medieval period is notably evident in the culture of virtuous knights and troubadours?
What characteristic of the medieval period is notably evident in the culture of virtuous knights and troubadours?
What did the term 'compositum' refer to in Aquinas's philosophy?
What did the term 'compositum' refer to in Aquinas's philosophy?
What defines the historical significance of Joan d'Arc during the Hundred Years' War?
What defines the historical significance of Joan d'Arc during the Hundred Years' War?
What philosophical approach did Aquinas employ in defining the relationship between faith and science?
What philosophical approach did Aquinas employ in defining the relationship between faith and science?
Flashcards
Presentism
Presentism
Judging historical events or concepts based on modern values.
Historicism
Historicism
Understanding historical events and concepts within their specific time and place without judgment.
Zeitgeist
Zeitgeist
The prevailing spirit or atmosphere of a particular time period.
Ortgeist
Ortgeist
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Special Person Hypothesis
Special Person Hypothesis
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Cyclical Repetitions Hypothesis
Cyclical Repetitions Hypothesis
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Randomness (Chaos) Hypothesis
Randomness (Chaos) Hypothesis
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Anthropomorphism
Anthropomorphism
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Jewish Monotheism
Jewish Monotheism
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Decalogue
Decalogue
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Tribal Solidarity
Tribal Solidarity
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Judeo-Christian Mentality
Judeo-Christian Mentality
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Confucianism: Heavenly Laws
Confucianism: Heavenly Laws
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Confucianism: Ethics & Obedience
Confucianism: Ethics & Obedience
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Daoism: Microcosm and Macrocosm
Daoism: Microcosm and Macrocosm
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Daoism: Vegetarianism
Daoism: Vegetarianism
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Buddhism: Apprehension of Existence
Buddhism: Apprehension of Existence
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Buddhism: Ascetic Behavior
Buddhism: Ascetic Behavior
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Buddhism: Reincarnation & Hierarchy
Buddhism: Reincarnation & Hierarchy
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Hinduism: Vedas
Hinduism: Vedas
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Hinduism: Polytheism
Hinduism: Polytheism
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Zoroastrianism: Free Will
Zoroastrianism: Free Will
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Zoroastrianism: Punishment for Crime
Zoroastrianism: Punishment for Crime
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Materialism
Materialism
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Epiphenomenalism
Epiphenomenalism
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Double Aspecticism
Double Aspecticism
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Idealism
Idealism
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Pluralism
Pluralism
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Dualism
Dualism
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Occasionalism
Occasionalism
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Emergentism
Emergentism
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Attributive Pluralism
Attributive Pluralism
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A Priori Knowledge
A Priori Knowledge
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A Posteriori Knowledge
A Posteriori Knowledge
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Rationalism
Rationalism
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Paradigm
Paradigm
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Normal Science
Normal Science
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Anomaly
Anomaly
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Scientific Revolution
Scientific Revolution
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Anarchist Theory of Science
Anarchist Theory of Science
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Falsifiability
Falsifiability
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Eidola Theory
Eidola Theory
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Alcmaeon's Health Theory
Alcmaeon's Health Theory
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Hippocrates on Healing
Hippocrates on Healing
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Hippocrates' Four Humors
Hippocrates' Four Humors
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Hippocrates on Epilepsy
Hippocrates on Epilepsy
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Pythagoras on Sensory Data
Pythagoras on Sensory Data
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Pythagorean Essence of Reality
Pythagorean Essence of Reality
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Pythagoras on Body and Soul
Pythagoras on Body and Soul
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Pythagorean Ways of Knowing
Pythagorean Ways of Knowing
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The Human and the Animal Soul
The Human and the Animal Soul
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Relativism
Relativism
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Protagoras's Doctrine
Protagoras's Doctrine
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Apora
Apora
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Ontological Idealism (Socrates)
Ontological Idealism (Socrates)
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Epistemological Nativism (Socrates)
Epistemological Nativism (Socrates)
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Know Thyself (Socrates)
Know Thyself (Socrates)
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Plato's Theory of Forms
Plato's Theory of Forms
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Plato's Academy
Plato's Academy
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Socrates's Trial
Socrates's Trial
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Rational Ethics
Rational Ethics
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Ataraxia
Ataraxia
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Greek Miracle in Reverse
Greek Miracle in Reverse
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Gnosticism
Gnosticism
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Hermeticism
Hermeticism
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Neoplatonism
Neoplatonism
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Jesus' Teachings on Altruism and Love
Jesus' Teachings on Altruism and Love
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St. Paul's Preachings on Jesus
St. Paul's Preachings on Jesus
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St. Paul's Concept of the Soul
St. Paul's Concept of the Soul
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The Importance of 'Contemplation' in Finding Truth
The Importance of 'Contemplation' in Finding Truth
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Human Nature as Semi-Divine
Human Nature as Semi-Divine
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Actualization (Scala Natura)
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Aristotle's Soul Theory
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Aristotle's Politics
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Aristotle's Cognitive Processes
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Aristotle's Ethics
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Hellenization
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Cynicism
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Skepticism
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Epicureanism
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Difference between Classic Greek and Greco-Roman Philosophies
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St. Paul on Soul's Fate
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Mind's Struggle
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Sin of Physical Pleasure
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Achieving Spiritual Immortality
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Origen's Contribution
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God as First Cause
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Internal Problems of Early Christianity
Internal Problems of Early Christianity
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External Problems of Early Christianity
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Rise of Papal Supremacy
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Church as Social Structure
Church as Social Structure
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Christian Social Revolution
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Galen's Medical Legacy
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Four Temperaments
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Neo-Platonism's Mystical Focus
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Soul's Journey in Neo-Platonism
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Aristotle's School
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Aristotle's Epistemology
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Universals in Aristotle
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Final Causation
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Hylomorphism
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Potential vs. Actual Being
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Teleology in Aristotle
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Aristotle's Soul
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Passive Reason
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Soul as Essence
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Memory in Aristotle
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Recollection
Recollection
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Types of Sense Objects
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Medium in Sensing
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Imagination vs. Perception
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Monastic Movement
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Ora et Labora
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Vikings in Newfoundland
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Crusades
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Teutonic Order
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Gothic Architecture
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Rise of Universities
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Latin as a Universal Language
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Scholasticism
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Avicenna: 'Canon of Medicine'
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Avicenna: Brain Ventriculi Theory
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Decline of Rome
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Middle Ages: East vs. West
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Rise of Islam
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Islamic Civilization's Legacy
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Feudal West
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Papacy's Rise
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Church Schism
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Crusades' Impact
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Early (Dark) Ages
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Frankish Kingdom
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Medieval Music: Homophonic Chant
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Gregorian Chant
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Pierre Abelard's Philosophy
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Albertus Magnus: Aristotle vs. Plato
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Roger Bacon and Empiricism
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Thomas Aquinas and Reconciliation
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Aquinas's View of the Human Soul
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Aquinas: Two Types of Knowledge
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Aquinas: Freedom and Knowledge
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Thomism and the Whole Human
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Medieval Culture: Roman Idealization
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Medieval Culture: Spirituality and Service
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Late Medieval Period: Crisis of Authority
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Renaissance: Rebirth of Hedonism
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Renaissance: Individualism and Ambition
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Renaissance Art and Culture
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Renaissance Papacy: Patronage of Art
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Michelangelo's Sistine Chapel
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Leonardo da Vinci's Mona Lisa
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Raphael's School of Athens
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Renaissance Music Forms
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Giovanni da Palestrina
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Claudio Monteverdi's Style
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Leonardo da Vinci's Interests
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Raphael's Personality
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What did Plato believe about the true world?
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How do we access knowledge of Forms according to Plato?
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What is the role of the soul according to Plato?
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How did Plato view learning and education?
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What is Plato's view on motivations?
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How does Plato explain mental disorder?
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What is the concept of justice in the soul?
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What are Plato's views on love?
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What is the conflict between body and soul in Plato's philosophy?
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What are the different types of personalities according to Plato?
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What is the purpose of life according to Plato?
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What is the role of the rational soul in controlling impulses?
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What is the relationship between Plato's concepts of knowledge and virtue?
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How did Plato's ideas influenced later philosophers?
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What is the fundamental aim of science?
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What are the three categories of generalizations in science?
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What is the key difference between observational and causal laws?
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What is the Newtonian style of making science?
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What is methodological positivism?
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What are the basic assumptions of science?
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What is the logical positivist approach to explanations?
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What are the four types of 'causes' according to Aristotle?
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What is the difference between single reaction (R^1) and behavioral style (B) in psychology?
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How does personality (P) influence behavior?
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What is visceroception (V) and its importance?
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How did the term 'psychology' come about?
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When and how did psychology become an autonomous science?
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What are the two main approaches to studying psychology?
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Study Notes
Presentism
- A perspective that judges historical events based on contemporary values.
Historicism
- A non-judgmental approach to understanding historical events within their specific context of time and place.
- Aims to avoid imposing present-day values on past events.
Zeitgeist/Ortgeist Hypothesis
- The "spirit of the times" (Zeitgeist) and "spirit of the place" (Ortgeist) influence events and ideas.
- Zeitgeist refers to the prevailing climate of opinions and attitudes in a particular era.
- Ortgeist refers to the prevailing climate of opinions and attitudes in a specific community or country.
Special Person Hypothesis
- Extraordinary individuals shape history.
- Also known as the "great person model."
Cyclical Repetitions Hypothesis
- History repeats itself in cycles, with events and ideas reappearing in new forms.
Randomness (Chaos) Hypothesis
- Historical events occur randomly, without discernible patterns or predictability.
- "History makes itself" - historical processes are self-generating.
Anthropomorphism
- Attributing human characteristics to non-human entities.
- Likely used by early humans to understand other individuals, animals, and objects.
Animism
- Explaining an organism's behavior as guided by a powerful spirit (anima or pneuma) within it.
Magic
- Belief that spirits can influence other spirits or entities.
- Spirits may temporarily detach from their bodies.
- Traveling spirits have power over other beings and objects.
Religion
- A system of beliefs about a universal spirit and the human soul's role within it.
- The human soul belongs to an eternal spirit (God).
- Humans possess divine privileges (self-awareness, free will, creativity) and duties (responsibility, caring for others, protecting life).
- Awareness of existence and its limitations creates fear of death and hope for eternity.
Philosophy
- The love of wisdom; advanced reasoning about the universe and humanity's place in it.
- Seeks to understand the nature of the universe, human perception, our role, and meaning of existence.
Science
- A system of principles and methods for gathering data and drawing conclusions about natural phenomena.
- Scientific psychology investigates behavioral and mental mechanisms through biological, sociocultural, and experiential perspectives.
- Science is an ongoing process of inquiry, striving for but not attaining absolute truth.
- Goals of science include description, prediction, control, and explanation (cause-and-effect relationships).
Three Generalizations in Science
- Observational law: describes repeatable coincidences of non-measurable events.
- Correlational law: statistically describes coincidences between measurable variables, allowing prediction.
- Causal law: experimentally identifies coincidences between measurable variables, allowing prediction, control, and explanation.
Newtonian Science
- Emphasis on observational data rather than hypothetical explanations.
- Laws are mathematical summaries of observations, not causal explanations.
Basic Scientific Assumptions
- The universe operates according to consistent, discoverable laws.
- The universe is comprehensible.
Logical Positivism
- Scientific explanations are deductive inferences from scientific laws, generally ex-post-facto explanations.
- Critiqued for potentially being a "mirror reversal" of predictions and not necessarily capturing true causal explanations.
Aristotle's Four Causes
- Material cause: the substance from which a thing is made.
- Formal cause: the shape or structure of a thing.
- Efficient cause: the direct cause of an event.
- Final cause: the purpose or goal of an action or entity.
Multiple Factors in Psychology
- Single reactions (R^1) are influenced by numerous factors (stimulus, prior experience, visceral sensations, personality).
- Behavioral styles (B) are more predictable and are a function of personality.
The Term "Psychology"
- Aristotle's Peri Psyches ("About the Soul") preceded the term psychology.
- The Byzantine monk Marko Marulic used the term "psychologia" in a Latin treatise.
- Psychology remained a branch of philosophy until Wilhelm Wundt established it as a science in 1879.
- Behaviorism (John Watson) and later social cognitivism (Alfred Bandura) influenced the field.
Methodological and Philosophical Issues in Psychology
- Psychology evolved from various disciplines like mythology, art, religion, philosophy, medicine, and pure sciences.
- Modern psychology, aspiring to be a science, embraces a nomothetic (general laws) versus idiographic (individual cases) approach.
Areas of Inquiry Shared by Psychology and Philosophy
- Ontology: What is real? (matter, mind, or both)
- Epistemology: How do we know? (sources of knowledge: experience, reason, intuition)
- Ethics: How should we live?
Schools of Thought in Ontology
- Monism: One fundamental reality (materialism or idealism).
- Materialism: Matter is primary, other phenomena are reduced to material processes.
- Epiphenomenalism: Mental events are byproducts of material processes.
- Double Aspecticism: Spirit and nature are different aspects of a single reality.
- Idealism: Ideas or consciousness are primary.
- Materialism: Matter is primary, other phenomena are reduced to material processes.
- Pluralism: Multiple, equally valid realities (dualism, occasionalism, emergentism, attributable pluralism).
- Dualism: Two fundamentally different realities (matter and spirit).
- Occasionalism: Interactions between body and mind are caused by God's interventions.
- Emergentism: New qualities arise from combining existing elements.
- Attributive Pluralism: As many realities as there are concepts.
Epistemological Concepts
- A priori knowledge: Prior to and independent of experience (nativism).
- A posteriori knowledge: Derived from experience (empiricism).
Rationalism
- Emphasizes reason as a source for knowledge.
- Often contrasts with empiricism, which emphasizes experience.
- A methodological norm in science.
- Critics argue that rational processes can be subjective and biased, especially within a particular or existing paradigm.
Paradigm (in Science)
- A set of assumptions, values, and methods within which scientists operate, with two components.
- Disciplinary matrix: fundamental unquestioned assumptions.
- Shared exemplars: models of good research.
Scientific Revolutions (Kuhn)
- Normal science: Scientists work within a paradigm.
- Anomaly: Discrepancies arise that challenge the paradigm.
- Crisis: Doubts about the paradigm increase.
- Revolution: The paradigm is overturned, replaced with a new one.
Anarchist Theory of Science
- Multiple and competing paradigms coexist.
- No prescribed methodology or constraints.
Karl Popper's Rationalism
- Science is a rational process of formulating falsifiable hypotheses.
- Strong emphasis on the importance of testing ideas through observation and experimentation.
Ancient Hebrews
- History from 2100 BC, including patriarchs, prophets, kings, and a diaspora.
- Monotheism, divine law (Ten Commandments), tribal solidarity.
Confucianism
- Emphasis on ethics, obedience, loyalty, tradition, and social hierarchy.
- Celestial laws and ethics are immutable.
Daoism
- Individuality is a microcosm reflecting the universal macrocosm.
- Union with the universe attainable through meditation.
- Importance of harmony with nature.
Buddhism
- Teachings from Hinduism, Daoism, and Confucianism.
- Achieving enlightenment through virtuous conduct, meditation, and detachment from the material world.
- Belief in reincarnation, hierarchy, and a contemplative lifestyle.
Hinduism
- Vedas are sacred texts; polytheism.
- Emphasis on virtuous conduct for reincarnation to higher paths, including Nirvana.
- Spiritual attainment through meditation.
Zoroastrianism
- Monotheistic religion; God (Ahura-Mazda) versus a demon (Angro-Mainyus).
- Free will and divine law.
- Illness viewed as demonic influence.
Minoans & Mycenaeans
- Early European civilizations (Minoan) collapsed around 1450 BC.
- Mycenaeans and Dorians (a later Greek civilization) emerged afterward, dominated by war and cultural stagnation.
Mythology
- Polytheistic beliefs based on hierarchical relationships among gods.
- Gods' actions reflect human qualities.
- Fate and human behavior influenced by the gods.
Athens
- Athenian dominance, Persian Wars, and the birth of Classic Greek civilization.
- Rise of arts, athletic games.
Pre-Socratic Philosophers
- Cosmologists/Physicists: Sought fundamental elements (physis) for the universe.
- Thales: water as fundamental physis.
- Anaximander: Apeiron as fundamental physis.
- Anaximenes: Air as fundamental physis.
- Heraclitus: Fire as fundamental physis, change as essential.
- Zeno: Arguments against change and motion.
- Democritus: Atomism, materialism, no afterlife.
- Empedocles: Elements (fire, air, water, earth), love/strife.
- Biologists: Focused on the human body, health, and harmony.
- Alcmaeon: Brain as centre of perception.
- Hippocrates: Natural causes of disease, holistic treatment.
Mathematics (Ancient Greece)
- Pythagoras: Mathematical essence of reality, emphasis on rational thinking and spiritual contemplation.
Greek Philosophers (Socrates, Plato, Aristotle)
- Sophism: Relativism, different cultures different perceptions of truth, beauty and goodness, truth is not objective.
- Socrates: Inductive reasoning & method of questioning; "know thyself"; ignorance.
- Plato: Theory of Forms, sensory impressions as imperfect reflections of ideal forms; three-part soul (rational, spirited, appetitive).
- Aristotle: Empiricism, synthesis of experience and reasoning; hylomorphism; teleology; soul's functions, memory processes, sensory perceptions, imagination and thought, dreams, motivation and values; scala natura.
Greco-Roman Philosophies of Tranquility
- Cynicism: Natural living, rejection of social norms.
- Skepticism: Distrust of sensory knowledge, accepting uncertainty.
- Epicureanism: Happiness through moderation and tranquility.
- Stoicism: Accepting fate, mastery of emotions.
Gnosticism & Hermeticism
- Gnosticism: Belief in secret knowledge.
- Hermeticism: Belief in ancient Egyptian wisdom.
Neoplatonism
- Plotinus's hierarchy of reality, from The One to emanations like intelligence, souls, and finally to the material world.
- Emphasis on introspection, meditation, and faith as means to understanding.
Roman Period
- Romans valued practical application of knowledge over investigation.
Jesus and Christianity
- Religious and social teachings, including altruism, love for all people.
- St. Paul: Interpretation of Jesus' teachings, emphasizing God's plan and salvation.
Saint Augustine
- Synthesis of Neoplatonism, Stoicism, and Christianity.
- Emphasis on faith, reason, free will, and the soul's search for eternal truth.
Medieval Period
- Rise of Christianity, decline of Rome, spread of Islam, monastic orders, emergence of universities (Universitas Scholarium): scholasticism.
Islamic Scholars
- Preserved and developed Greek scholarship.
- Avicenna (Ibn Sina): Canon of Medicine, reconciled Aristotelian philosophy with Islamic faith.
- Maimonides: Reconciled Jewish faith with rationalism.
Scholasticism
- Synthesis of reason and faith in theological inquiries.
Late Medieval Period
- Challenges to church authority, rise of individualism, Renaissance, Hundred Years' War.
- Development of universities.
Renaissance
- Rebirth of interest in classical learning, art, and humanism.
- Emphasis on human potential and earthly achievement.
- Impact on philosophy, art, and other fields.
Renaissance Artists (Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael)
- Michelangelo: Paintings and sculptures
- Leonardo da Vinci: Diverse interests, artistic and scientific contributions.
- Raphael: Paintings, including classic interpretations.
Renaissance Music
- Development of new musical forms, religious and secular.
- Composers like Palestrina and Monteverdi.
Middle Ages Elsewhere
- Developments in China, the Mongol Empire, and pre-Columbian America.
Studying That Suits You
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Description
Test your understanding of key concepts in historical analysis, such as presentism, cyclical repetitions, and animism. This quiz will challenge your knowledge of various hypotheses that explain the nature of historical events and changes. Engage with thought-provoking questions that explore the intersection of time, place, and belief systems.
