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Questions and Answers
What does the Greek word 'historia' mean?
Who is considered the 'father of history'?
What is considered a challenge faced by historians regarding the past?
How do artifacts and written documents function in historical studies?
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What is the main goal of a historian when reconstructing history?
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What does the term 'subjective' imply in the context of historical writing?
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Which of the following defines the modern understanding of 'history'?
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What was the Latin term 'scientia' primarily used to signify?
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What is required for a detail to be considered credible historical evidence?
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What factor does NOT influence a witness's competence?
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Why is hearsay evidence generally discarded by historians?
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What is the general rule for accepting historical particulars as fact?
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Which of the following works is considered a historical fact?
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What describes the reliability of Antonio Pigafetta as a source?
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What is the primary purpose of the historical method?
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Which ship was the last to complete the circumnavigation journey?
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Which of the following is an example of a primary source?
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What ocean did Magellan name due to its calmness?
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What was the name of the fleet that was sent to reach the Spice Islands?
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What distinguishes historiography from historical method?
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Why are primary sources essential for historians?
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What is the significance of the International Date Line?
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What is a common reason for the forgery of historical documents?
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Who took over the expedition after Magellan was killed?
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Which of the following does NOT define a secondary source?
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Which factor is NOT considered when assessing the credibility of a secondary witness?
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Which island group did Magellan first encounter and name?
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What does the term 'document' imply in the context of historical analysis?
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How can a historian verify the authenticity of a document?
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Which chronicled work is an example of secondary evidence?
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Which type of source provides firsthand accounts of an event?
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Which of the following best describes 'internal criticism' in historical research?
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What does the term 'original' imply when discussing sources in history?
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Which of the following statements about secondary sources is correct?
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Why must historians be cautious about forged documents?
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What garments comprised traditional female attire?
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Which of the following was typically given as part of a dowry?
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What key aspect distinguishes external criticisms from internal criticisms in historical analysis?
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What role did the 'Sonat' play in pre-colonial Filipino society?
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Which figure is associated with the god of agriculture in pre-colonial Filipino beliefs?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of an anachronism?
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What did the term 'kalumbiga' refer to?
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What is the first step in the restoration of texts during historical analysis?
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Which of the following best describes the practice of marriage among pre-colonial Filipinos?
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What form of criticism encompasses evaluating the witness's credibility in historical inquiry?
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What does 'magtatangal' signify in pre-colonial folklore?
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Which of the following is NOT a common method used to analyze a document for authenticity?
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What was the purpose of a 'panghihimuyat'?
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What type of document is characterized as containing deliberate efforts to deceive?
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Which principle is NOT mentioned in Emilio Jacinto's 'Kartilya ng Katipunan'?
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What essential part must historians establish to support their claims about a document's authenticity?
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In the context of courtship, what does 'paninilbihan' refer to?
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Which test should a historian consider critical when evaluating a primary witness's credibility?
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How do historians generally determine if phrases in various document copies are original or additions?
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Which of the following is NOT listed as a reason for divorce in pre-colonial society?
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Which of the following gods is associated with war?
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What constitutes a 'historical fact' in the context of historiography?
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What is meant by a 'garbled document' in historical analysis?
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Which statement expresses the essence of the principle of 'equality' in Jacinto's teachings?
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Which aspect of document analysis involves historical context and credibility assessment?
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What does 'morotal' refer to in burial customs?
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What can make the analysis of a document particularly challenging for historians?
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What was the name of the native product received by the Spanish voyagers upon their arrival in Samar?
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What significant event took place on March 31, 1521?
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What was Magellan's fate during the campaign in the Philippines?
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What was the social status of the 'Datu' in the early Filipino village structure?
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What type of housing was commonly built to suit the tropical climate?
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What was the primary role of Juan de Plasencia in the context provided?
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Which religious image did the Spaniards bring to the Philippines that is celebrated in Cebu today?
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What did dowries depend on in the context of marriage among the Tagalogs?
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How could a slave be emancipated in early Filipino society?
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What was Ninoy Aquino's primary ordeal under the dictatorship?
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Which social class is considered the freemen who do not pay taxes?
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What is the primary message regarding women's role in society?
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What significant event does Aquino highlight regarding Ninoy's imprisonment?
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What type of garment did male attire include in early Filipino society?
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What was the reaction of the king of Zubu towards Magellan and his voyagers?
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What was the financial situation of the Philippines mentioned by Aquino?
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What did Aquino emphasize about character in her speech?
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What approach does Aquino plan to take towards the communist insurgency?
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What indicated the rank of an individual in the Tagalog society through their attire?
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What was Ninoy Aquino’s 'restless dream' according to President Aquino?
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Who does Aquino mention as a significant influence in her pursuit of freedom for the Philippines?
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What appeal did Aquino make regarding American support?
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Which chief refused to obey the king of Spain during the Battle of Mactan?
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How did Aquino describe the sacrifices made by the Filipino people?
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What key action does Aquino propose for the restoration of democracy?
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Which of the following was NOT one of the issues Aquino discussed regarding the Philippines?
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What did the dictatorship accuse Ninoy of being?
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What did Aquino imply about the sacrifices made for freedom?
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Which of the following was NOT mentioned as a measure taken by the dictatorship against Ninoy?
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What was one of the outcomes of Ninoy Aquino's assassination?
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What does Aquino say will not have been in vain once freedom is achieved?
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What reaction did Aquino invoke from the audience during her speech about her husband?
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Which group increased significantly under the previous regime, leading to Aquino's concern?
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What societal values does Aquino encourage through her address?
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What does Aquino believe is crucial for rebuilding the nation's institutions?
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How does Aquino describe the period after Ninoy's assassination?
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What pivotal condition does Aquino assert must be addressed to tackle the insurgency?
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What lesson does Aquino express about the response to the insurgency?
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Study Notes
History Defined
- History is the study and writing of the past of mankind, traditionally traced back to the Greek tradition.
- The term "history" originates from the Greek noun "historia," meaning "learning" or "knowing from inquiry."
- Herodotus is regarded as the father of history.
- For Aristotle, history meant a systematic account of natural phenomena.
- Latin word "scientia" (science) later became the preferred term for non-chronological accounts of natural phenomena.
Subjectivity and Objectivity in History
- Most of the past is beyond recall, even for those with excellent memories.
- The reconstruction of the complete past for historians is unattainable.
- Facts of history are often derived from testimony, making them subjective, existing only the historian's mind.
- "Subjective" knowledge is sometimes seen as inferior to "objective" knowledge due to its potential for bias and illusion.
Artifacts as Historical Sources
- Artifacts and written documents serve as raw materials for historical writing, representing the results or records of past events.
- Historians strive to be both descriptive (telling what, when, where, and who) and interpretative (explaining why and how events happened).
- History is a subjective process of re-creating a verisimilar image of the past, based on the available evidence.
Historical Method and Historiography
- Historical method involves critically examining and analyzing historical records.
- Historiography, the writing of history, is the imaginative reconstruction of the past from the data obtained through historical method.
Distinction of Primary and Secondary Sources
- Primary sources are eyewitness accounts, testimonies, or recordings made at the time of an event.
- Secondary sources are accounts written by someone who was not present at the event, often based on and interpreting primary sources.
Primary Sources
- Examples include diaries, journals, speeches, interviews, letters, memos, manuscripts, memoirs, autobiographies, government records, organizational records.
- Documents, photographs, audio recordings, movies, videos, public opinion polls, field notes, scientific experiments, and artifacts also qualify as primary sources.
Secondary Sources
- Examples include published materials written about a particular event after it occurred, encyclopedias, chronicles, fact books, biographies, monographs, dissertations, and general histories.
- Most journal articles and published books fall into the category of secondary sources.
"Original" Sources
- The term "original" in historical discourse can have multiple meanings, including: containing fresh ideas, not being a translation, being in its earliest unpolished stage, being the approved unmodified text, and being the earliest available source.
- For historians, the primary concern is whether a source is based on firsthand or secondhand testimony.
The Document
- The term "document" can refer to both written sources and other forms of evidence like oral testimony, artifacts, pictorial survivals, and archaeological remains.
- "Documentation" encompasses any kind of source material, regardless of its form or origin.
Forged or Misleading Documents
- Forged documents, fabricated in whole or in part, are common and require careful scrutiny by historians.
- Forgeries can be motivated by false claims, political propaganda, or attempts to mislead contemporaries.
- While forgeries can reveal important political, cultural, and biographical information, they are not reliable sources for the events and persons they claim to represent.
Analyzing Documents
- External criticism focuses on the authenticity of a document, examining its materials, style, and contextual elements to identify potential anachronisms, forgeries, or misinterpretations.
- Internal criticism assesses a document's credibility, evaluating the witness' competence, willingness to tell the truth, and the accuracy of the reported information.
Tests of Authenticity
- Historians analyze the materials of a document, looking for anachronistic elements that indicate it might not be from the claimed period.
- Style, spelling, proper names, signatures, and grammar can also help identify forgeries.
- Anachronistic references to time, place, or events can also reveal fraudulent documentation.
Garbled Documents
- Documents that contain inaccuracies or modifications can be challenging to evaluate.
- These errors often stem from unintentional mistakes made during copying, but sometimes they result from intentional alterations.
Restoration of Texts
- Historians use textual criticism techniques to restore original texts by collecting multiple copies, comparing them, identifying omissions, and attributing passages back to the original author.
Identifying Author and Date
- Determining the approximate date and intended author of a document is crucial for external criticism, enabling the use of tests based on anachronisms, handwriting, style, and alibi to determine authenticity.
Internal Criticism: Credibility
- The problem of credibility in history focuses on the trustworthiness of a witness's testimony, not just what happened but how accurately they described the event.
- A historical fact is a particular derived from credible sources and tested through the canons of historical method.
- Simple and fully attested facts are rarely disputed, but even seemingly concrete statements can be questioned due to lack of first hand observation.
Interrogative Hypothesis
- Historians approach documents with a question or set of questions in mind, guiding their analysis.
- These questions can range from noncommittal to more specific and focused hypotheses.
General Rules of Credibility
- A detail in a document is considered credible if it passes four tests:
- Was the witness able to tell the truth (competence)?
- Was the witness willing to tell the truth (willingness)?
- Was the detail accurately reported (accuracy)?
- Is there independent corroboration of the detail (corroboration)
Background of Witnesses
- Even witnesses present at the same event may not be equally competent due to factors like expertise, mental and physical state, age, education, memory, and narrative skills.
Hearsay and Secondary Evidence
- When using secondary sources, historians ask:
- What primary testimony is the secondary witness relying on?
- Was the primary testimony accurately reported?
- If not, what details were accurately reported?
- Hearsay evidence is discarded if it cannot be verified as accurate reporting of primary testimony.
Corroboration
- Independently derived testimony from two or more reliable witnesses is required for a particular to be considered historical fact.
- The independence of witnesses is crucial: agreement between witnesses can confirm a lie or mistake if they are not independent.
Non-Historical "Facts"
- The following are considered NOT historical facts:
- Dr. José Rizal as the author of the poem "Sa Aking Mga Kabata"
- The Code of Kalantiaw
- The Story of the Ten Bornean Datus
- Fr. José Burgos as the author of the novel "La Loba Negra"
Historical Facts
- The following are considered historical facts:
- Antonio Pigafetta's "First Voyage Around the World" (Chronicle)
- Juan de Plasencia's "Customs of the Tagalogs" (Friar Account)
- Emilio Jacinto's "Kartilya ng Katipunan" (Declaration of Principles)
- Corazon Aquino's Speech Before the U.S. Congress (Speech)
Antonio Pigafetta and the "First Voyage Around the World"
- Antonio Pigafetta was a Venetian scholar who participated in Ferdinand Magellan's expedition around the world.
- He was a conscientious chronicler, keeping a daily journal of the voyage.
- Pigafetta's account is important for its description of the voyage and its early Western perspective on the people and languages of the Philippines.
- He is a credible source because he was present at the events he describes.
Magellan's Circumnavigation
- In the 16th century, spices from the East were highly valuable in Europe.
- Portugal controlled the spice trade routes, prompting Spain to seek its own route.
- Ferdinand Magellan, a Portuguese explorer, proposed to Spain that he could sail around the New World to reach the Spice Islands.
- Magellan's expedition consisted of 270 crew members and five ships: Trinidad, Concepcion, San Antonio, Victoria, and Santiago.
- The ships were collectively called the "Armada de Molucca," named after the Spice Islands.
Order of Ship Losses
- The smallest ship, Santiago, was the first to be lost.
- The largest ship, San Antonio, was the second to be lost.
- Concepcion was the third ship to be lost.
- Trinidad was the fourth ship to be lost.
- Victoria was the only ship to complete the circumnavigation and return to Spain.
Key Events in Magellan's Circumnavigation
- Magellan died in 1521 in the Philippines, leaving Sebastian del Cano to lead the remaining ships.
- Magellan discovered the Strait of Magellan, a 350-mile strait, and the Pacific Ocean, which he named "Mara Pacifico" for its calm waters.
- Magellan's expedition significantly contributed to understanding the shape of the Earth.
Philippines in Magellan's Journey
- Magellan's expedition arrived in Samar, Philippines, on March 16, 1521.
- The island was named "Humunu" at that time, later becoming known as "Homonhon."
- The locals greeted them with gifts of fish, figs, coconuts, and palm wine.
The First Mass in the Philippines
- The first mass in the Philippines was held on March 31, 1521 at Mazaua (Limasawa).
- The mass was attended by local islanders, Spanish voyagers, and the two Rajas: Rajah Kulambu and Magellan.
Magellan's Journey to the Philippines
- Magellan's expedition arrived at Cebu on April 7, 1521.
- They fired mortars to signify peace and friendship.
- Tension arose between Magellan and the King of Cebu, potentially leading to war.
The Baptism of Filipinos in Cebu
- Magellan conducted mass for Raja Humabon on April 14, 1521.
- Baptized 800 individuals.
- The Child Jesus statue from this event is known as the Santo Niño, celebrated every January in Cebu.
The Battle of Mactan
- The Battle of Mactan took place on April 27, 1521 between Magellan's forces and the native warriors of Mactan.
- Datu Zula, Chief of Mactan, welcomed Magellan, but Cilapulapu refused to obey to the King of Spain.
- The natives used "patibongs" (bamboo traps) to defeat Magellan's soldiers.
The Death of Magellan
- In the Battle of Mactan, Magellan was shot in the leg with a poisoned arrow and died on April 28, 1521.
Post-Magellan Expedition
- Survivors of the Battle of Mactan left with only two ships.
- They burned the Concepcion and continued their search for spice islands.
- They reached the Spice Islands (Maluku) after two years and traded for cloves.
- On their return trip, the Trinidad sprung a leak and remained behind for repairs.
- The Victoria and Concepcion were captured by the Portuguese.
- The Victoria eventually reached Spain after battling headwinds and facing starvation.
Filipino Social Classes
- The Filipino society was divided into four social classes:
- Datu: (Chieftain) ruled each barangay.
- Maharlika: (Nobles) were freemen who did not pay taxes.
- Aliping Namamahay: (Commoners) had their own properties.
- Aliping Saguiguilid: (Slaves) were completely dependent on the Datu.
Slavery in the Philippines
- Slavery could be acquired through war captivity, debt, inheritance, purchase, or crime.
- Slaves could be emancipated through forgiveness, payment of debt, condonation, bravery, or marriage.
- Types of Aliping:
- Tumataban: worked only when ordered.
- Tumarampuk: worked only one day a week.
- Ayuey: worked three times a week.
Inheritance Laws and Customs
- Men gave dowries to the women's parents before marriage.
- If the woman was an orphan or had no relatives, the dowry went directly to her.
- The dowry amount depended on the woman's social status.
- The first son of the barangay chieftain usually inherited his father's position.
- If the first son died, the second son would inherit.
- If there were no sons, the eldest daughter would become the chieftain.
Pre-Colonial Filipino Religious Beliefs
- Filipinos practiced a polytheistic religion during pre-colonial times, worshipping numerous deities:
- Bathala: (Supreme being).
- Idayanale: (God of Agriculture).
- Sidarapa: (God of Death).
- Agni: (God of Fire).
- Balangaw: (God of the Rainbow).
- Mandarangan: (God of War).
- Lalahon: (God of Harvest).
- Siginarugan: (God of Hell).
Pre-Colonial Filipino Priests and Religious Practitioners
- Filipinos had various religious practitioners:
- Catolonan (Babaylan): respected religious leaders of both genders who were often healers.
- Mangagauay: witches who could cause illnesses and death.
- Manyisalat: witches who could cause infidelity, impotence, and sickness.
- Mancocolam: witches who could commit arson, wallow in filth, and cause death.
- Hocloban: highly effective witches who could kill others.
- Silagan: vampires from Catanduanes who tore human flesh.
- Magtatangal: creatures who appeared at night to people.
- Osuang, Tiktik, Wakwak, Aswang: sorcerers who could fly.
- Mangangayoma: healers who made love charms.
- Sonat: preachers who helped people die and predicted their fate.
- Pangatahojan, Manghuhula: soothsayers who predicted the future.
- Bayoguin: transvestites.
The Katipunan
- The Katipunan was a revolutionary organization that fought for Philippine independence from Spain.
- It upheld fourteen principles:
- Living a purpose-driven life.
- Doing the right thing.
- True act of kindness.
- Equality.
- Honoring one's word, over self interest.
- Being a man of word.
- Utilizing time wisely.
- Fighting for what is right.
- The importance of trust.
- The importance of family.
- Respecting women.
- The Golden Rule
- Having the right character.
- Having hope for the motherland.
Corazon Aquino's Speech at the U.S. Congress
- This speech describes the restoration of democracy in the Philippines under President Corazon Aquino.
- She discusses the legacy of her husband, Ninoy Aquino, who fought for freedom and inspired the revolution.
- She emphasizes the challenges facing the Philippines, including a communist insurgency and the need for economic recovery.
- The speech underscores the importance of democracy and calls for US support.
- Aquino details her steps for restoring democracy, including:
- Establishing a new constitution.
- Conducting congressional elections.
- Establishing an independent Constitutional Commission.
The Communist Insurgency
- The communist insurgency in the Philippines significantly increased under the Marcos regime.
- The growth was attributed to the previous government's oppressive tactics and disregard for human rights.
- Aquino argued that using force to suppress the insurgency only further fueled its growth.
- Aquino emphasized the importance of addressing the root causes of the insurgency, such as poverty.
- She proposed a combination of political reforms and economic initiatives to pacify insurgents.
Ninoy Aquino's Sacrifice
- Aquino highlights her husband's role in the fight for freedom.
- She details his imprisonment and ordeal under the Marcos dictatorship.
- Ninoy's assassination, a symbol of national courage, fueled the revolution and led to the overthrow of Marcos.
President Aquino's Requests from the U.S.
- Aquino addresses the Philippines' significant foreign debt.
- She highlights the debt's burden on the nation and requests assistance to manage it.
- Aquino emphasizes her desire to strengthen US-Philippines relations.
- She seeks US support for the Philippines, particularly financial assistance in managing the debt.
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Test your knowledge on fundamental concepts of history with this quiz. Explore the meanings behind key terms, challenges faced by historians, and the role of artifacts in historical studies. Perfect for anyone interested in understanding the basics of historical analysis.
