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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is NOT a disadvantage of cytology mentioned in the text?
Which of the following is NOT a disadvantage of cytology mentioned in the text?
- It is a poor negative test for malignancy.
- It cannot differentiate between in situ and invasive cancer.
- It cannot assess tissue architecture or cell polarity.
- It is more time-consuming than biopsy. (correct)
What is the primary advantage of cytology over biopsy?
What is the primary advantage of cytology over biopsy?
- It is better at differentiating between in situ and invasive cancer.
- It provides a more comprehensive assessment of tissue architecture.
- It is less invasive and rarely requires anesthesia. (correct)
- It is more accurate in interpreting malignant cells.
Which of the following is NOT a method for obtaining a cytology sample mentioned in the text?
Which of the following is NOT a method for obtaining a cytology sample mentioned in the text?
- Brushing (e.g., uterine cervix, stomach)
- Surgical excision of tissue (correct)
- Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC)
- Exfoliation (e.g., sputum, urine)
Which of the following is the most important factor in differentiating between benign and malignant cells in cytological assessment?
Which of the following is the most important factor in differentiating between benign and malignant cells in cytological assessment?
What is the purpose of fixation in histopathological slide preparation?
What is the purpose of fixation in histopathological slide preparation?
Which of the following staining techniques is NOT mentioned in the text for preparing cytology specimens?
Which of the following staining techniques is NOT mentioned in the text for preparing cytology specimens?
What is the purpose of immunohistochemistry (IHC) according to the text?
What is the purpose of immunohistochemistry (IHC) according to the text?
Which fixative is recommended for small samples such as testicular samples?
Which fixative is recommended for small samples such as testicular samples?
What is the purpose of clearing the tissue sample in xylene during the paraffinization process?
What is the purpose of clearing the tissue sample in xylene during the paraffinization process?
What is the recommended thickness for cutting tissue sections using a microtome?
What is the recommended thickness for cutting tissue sections using a microtome?
What is the purpose of counterstaining with eosin in the staining procedure?
What is the purpose of counterstaining with eosin in the staining procedure?
Which staining step is recommended for confirming the removal of excess eosin from the tissue sample?
Which staining step is recommended for confirming the removal of excess eosin from the tissue sample?
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Study Notes
Routine Histopathological Examination by Hematoxylin and Eosin Staining
- Optimal slide preparation is crucial for proper diagnosis and treatment
- Fixation is a critical step: 10% buffered formalin (24 hours) is the most common fixative
- Alternative fixatives: Bouin solution (small samples, testicular samples), B5 (lymph nodes, spleen, lymphoproliferative disorders), Glutaraldehyde (electron microscopy)
- Paraffinization involves dehydration, clearing, and embedding in hot paraffin
- Staining procedure: deparriffinization, Mayer's hematoxylin, washing, counterstaining with eosin, dehydrating, clearing, and mounting
Cytology
- Definition: obtaining a sample of cells to be smeared or centrifuged on a slide, stained, and examined microscopically
- Advantages: quick, less invasive than biopsy, rarely needs anesthesia
- Disadvantages: requires experienced interpretation, cannot assess tissue architecture, cell polarity, and intercellular relationships
- Assessment of cytological preparation: nuclear features, cytoplasmic characters and quality, background
- Cells in cytological preparations: normal, reactive or hyperplastic, degenerated or apoptotic, dysplastic, malignant
Taking a Sample
- Methods: exfoliation (sputum, urine), brushing (uterine cervix, stomach, colon, bronchus), aspiration of body fluids (cerebrospinal fluid, pleural and peritoneal effusions), fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) for accessible masses
Preparation of Cytology Specimens
- Fixation in 95% alcohol without delay to avoid air drying
- Staining with: Papanicolaou, H&E, methylene blue, Giemsa, and Diff-Quik
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