12 Questions
Which of the following is NOT a disadvantage of cytology mentioned in the text?
It is more time-consuming than biopsy.
What is the primary advantage of cytology over biopsy?
It is less invasive and rarely requires anesthesia.
Which of the following is NOT a method for obtaining a cytology sample mentioned in the text?
Surgical excision of tissue
Which of the following is the most important factor in differentiating between benign and malignant cells in cytological assessment?
Nuclear features such as nucleo/cytoplasmic ratio, chromatin pattern, and nuclear size and shape
What is the purpose of fixation in histopathological slide preparation?
To preserve the tissue sample and prevent autolysis
Which of the following staining techniques is NOT mentioned in the text for preparing cytology specimens?
Periodic Acid-Schiff (PAS)
What is the purpose of immunohistochemistry (IHC) according to the text?
To identify cellular or tissue antigens through antigen-antibody interactions
Which fixative is recommended for small samples such as testicular samples?
Bouin solution
What is the purpose of clearing the tissue sample in xylene during the paraffinization process?
To prepare the tissue sample for embedding in paraffin wax
What is the recommended thickness for cutting tissue sections using a microtome?
4-5 µm
What is the purpose of counterstaining with eosin in the staining procedure?
To stain the cytoplasm and extracellular matrix
Which staining step is recommended for confirming the removal of excess eosin from the tissue sample?
Checking under the microscope during dehydration
Study Notes
Routine Histopathological Examination by Hematoxylin and Eosin Staining
- Optimal slide preparation is crucial for proper diagnosis and treatment
- Fixation is a critical step: 10% buffered formalin (24 hours) is the most common fixative
- Alternative fixatives: Bouin solution (small samples, testicular samples), B5 (lymph nodes, spleen, lymphoproliferative disorders), Glutaraldehyde (electron microscopy)
- Paraffinization involves dehydration, clearing, and embedding in hot paraffin
- Staining procedure: deparriffinization, Mayer's hematoxylin, washing, counterstaining with eosin, dehydrating, clearing, and mounting
Cytology
- Definition: obtaining a sample of cells to be smeared or centrifuged on a slide, stained, and examined microscopically
- Advantages: quick, less invasive than biopsy, rarely needs anesthesia
- Disadvantages: requires experienced interpretation, cannot assess tissue architecture, cell polarity, and intercellular relationships
- Assessment of cytological preparation: nuclear features, cytoplasmic characters and quality, background
- Cells in cytological preparations: normal, reactive or hyperplastic, degenerated or apoptotic, dysplastic, malignant
Taking a Sample
- Methods: exfoliation (sputum, urine), brushing (uterine cervix, stomach, colon, bronchus), aspiration of body fluids (cerebrospinal fluid, pleural and peritoneal effusions), fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) for accessible masses
Preparation of Cytology Specimens
- Fixation in 95% alcohol without delay to avoid air drying
- Staining with: Papanicolaou, H&E, methylene blue, Giemsa, and Diff-Quik
Learn about the optimal slide preparation process which is crucial for accurate diagnosis in histopathological examinations using the Hematoxylin and Eosin staining method. Understand the importance of fixation, common fixatives like 10% buffered formalin, and other alternatives like Bouin solution and B5 for specific sample types.
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