Histology: Stains, Cells and Nuclear Components

Which of the following molecules are stained by Hematoxylin?

Eosin stains positively charged molecules pink, such as nucleic acids.

What color do carbohydrates stain with PAS (Periodic Acid-Schiff)?

In an electron micrograph of a cell nucleus, ___________ appears loosely packed and light-staining, indicating transcriptionally active DNA.

Match the cellular component with its function:

The RER is basophilic due to what?

Regions of eosinophilia are normally located by the nucleus at the base of the cell.

What cytoskeletal element is responsible for the shape and motility of cilia and flagella?

_________ filaments provide high tensile strength and are found in desmosomes and hemidesmosomes.

Match the cytoskeletal component with its diameter:

Which component anchors epithelial cells to the basement membrane?

The lamina densa is the thickest layer of the basement membrane.

Which type of cell junction forms an impermeable barrier that prevents molecules from leaking between cells?

___________ junctions give the appearance that adjacent cells are completely fused together.

Match the apical surface modification with its description:

Which of the following describes simple squamous epithelium?

Stratified columnar epithelium is a type of epithelium that exists in the body.

What other name is transitional epithelium also known by?

In __________ epithelium, all cells contact the basement membrane, although the epithelium appears stratified.

Match the type of connective tissue with its arrangement of collagen fibers:

Which type of cell in connective tissue has a dark, elongated nucleus and poorly staining cytoplasm?

Type I collagen stains basophilic due to its protein composition.

In white adipose tissue, where are the nuclei located?

In brown adipose tissue, adipocytes have __________ nuclei due to multiple fat droplets.

Match the cartilage component with its staining property:

Which type of collagen is primarily found in cartilage?

Cartilage has blood vessels and nerves.

In appositional growth of cartilage, what cell differentiates from chondroprogenitor cells?

____________ collagen is found in fibrocartilage.

Match the type of cartilage with its characteristic:

What is the fundamental unit of compact bone called?

Bone forms via interstitial growth.

What cells line the surface of bone and are derived from monocyte progenitor cells?

___________ is the bone tissue between osteons.

Match the periosteum layer with its description:

During endochondral ossification, bone formation occurs using what?

Cardiac muscle only has an endomysium and perimysium.

Which connective tissue layer surrounds entire muscle belly?

The sarcomere extends from _________ to _________.

Match to description:

Which staining method is best suited for visualizing carbohydrates in tissue samples?

Lipids are typically well-preserved and easily visualized in tissue samples prepared with H&E staining.

What type of DNA, which appears loosely packed and stains lightly, is transcriptionally active?

The RER is ______ because it contains ribosomes that have negatively charged RNA molecules.

Match the following cellular structures with their descriptions:

Regions of eosinophilia are normally found where in the cell?

Microtubules, responsible for cell shape and motility, have a diameter of 7 nm.

What type of cell junction is not part of the apical junctional complex?

In epithelial cells, ______ ________ anchor to intermediate filaments.

Match the cell junction to its function:

Which apical surface modification is exclusively found in the inner ear and epididymis?

Stratified columnar epithelium is a common type of epithelium found in the human body.

What specialized type of stratified epithelium is found in the urinary tract and bladder?

Pseudostratified epithelium appears stratified, but all cells contact the ______ ______.

Match the type of epithelium to its description:

Which component of connective tissue proper is described as a gel-like substance in the ECM?

In dense regular connective tissue, collagen fibers are randomly arranged.

White adipose tissue contains adipocytes with what kind of nuclei?

Hyaline cartilage is primarily composed of type ______ collagen.

Which cells secrete osteoid, the non-mineralized ECM of bone?

In compact bone, what is the term for the central canal that houses blood vessels and nerves?

________ covers the inner surface of bone and is composed of a single layer of osteoprogenitor cells.

Match the zone of the epiphyseal growth plate with its description:

Which type of muscle tissue has cells connected by intercalated discs?

Skeletal muscle only has an endomysium.

What connective tissue covering surrounds individual muscle cells?

The ________ is the fundamental unit of muscle contraction.

Match the supporting cell with its description:

Which of the following features is characteristic of the dorsal root ganglion?

The central canal of the spinal cord is lined by ependymal cells.

What is the junction between a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle fiber called?

Large veins include the superior and inferior ______ ______.

Match the type of capillary to its description:

Which type of epithelium is specialized for the reception of smell?

What primary cell type is abundant in the splenic cords of the red pulp?

The spleen has a distinct, organized structure similar to that of lymph nodes.

What type of cells are splenic nodules rich in?

The periarteriolar lymphatic sheath (PALS) surrounding the central artery in the white pulp is rich in ______ cells.

Match each layer of the skin with its primary description:

Which of the following features distinguishes thick skin from thin skin?

The stratum basale is the most superficial layer of the epidermis.

What type of cell is found in the stratum spinosum and functions as an antigen-presenting cell?

The surface area between epidermis and dermis is increased due to ______ which strengthens the interface and provides more junctions.

Match the sensory receptor to the specific sensation it detects:

Apocrine sweat glands are typically associated with which structure in the skin?

Eccrine sweat glands are primarily involved in producing pheromones.

What type of secretion is used by sebaceous glands to release sebum?

Eccrine sweat glands use ______ secretion, releasing sweat without cellular damage.

Match the location of the islets with the hormone they produce :

Which of the following best describes the structural arrangement of cells in the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex?

The adrenal medulla produces aldosterone.

What hormone is secreted by chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla?

The zona glomerulosa in adrenal gland produces ______, a mineralocorticoid.

Match the cells of the thyroid gland with the hormone or substance they secrete:

What extracellular substance is contained within thyroid follicles?

Parafollicular cells are directly involved in the synthesis of T3 and T4.

What mineral is stored in the colloid and is necessary for the production of T3 and T4?

Chief cells of parathyroid glands produce ______, which increases blood calcium levels.

Match the name of the cells with the feature:

Which hormone does the pineal gland synthesize?

The pars nervosa contains abundant chromophils.

What glial cells are found in the pars nervosa?

Corticotrophs, thyrotrophs and gonadotrophs are all ______ , located in pars distalis.

Associate the 3 tunics in the eyeball and their function:

Which of the following best describes the cornea?

The sclera is the anterior 1/6th portion of the fibrous layer of the eye.

What structure drains aqueous humor from the anterior chamber of the eye?

The ______ functions to accommodate the shape of the lens.

Match the following retinal layers with their key components:

In the fovea centralis, which photoreceptor predominates and what type of vision does it support?

The ora serrata is the boundary between the posterior (neural) and anterior (non-neural) regions of the sclera.

What muscle helps to constrict or dilate the pupil of the eye?

When the ciliary muscle contracts, the lens becomes ______ to accommodate for near vision.

Which of the following is a characteristic of the white pulp in the spleen?

Red pulp in the spleen is primarily responsible for housing T cells.

The papillary layer of the dermis is composed of ______ tissue.

Which layer is NOT found in thin skin?

Thick skin contains hair follicles.

What is the main function of melanocytes in the skin?

What is the main function of the dermal papillae?

Meissner's corpuscles detect fine touch and ______-frequency vibration.

Pacinian corpuscles are located in the papillary layer of the dermis.

Which type of secretion is used by sebaceous glands?

What is the primary function of eccrine sweat glands?

Islets of Langerhans are clusters of cells found in the ______.

Alpha cells are found at the center of Islets of Langerhans.

Which of the following hormones is produced in the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex?

What is the role of the central adrenomedullary veins (CAMV) in the adrenal medulla?

Thyroid follicles secrete calcitonin.

The main hormone secreted by parathyroid gland is ______ hormone.

What is the hallmark feature of the pineal gland?

Which cells in the pars distalis stain poorly because their cytoplasm transiently does not contain any hormones?

The cornea is the posterior portion of the fibrous layer of the eye.

What is the function of the ciliary body?

What does not exist in the colon?

Match the following structures with their descriptions:

Which of the following is characteristic of cartilage's extracellular matrix (ECM)?

Cartilage has a high capacity for repair due to its rich vascular network.

What type of collagen is most abundant in hyaline cartilage?

The transcription factor __________ triggers cell differentiation into chondroblasts.

Match each type of cartilage with its location:

Which of the following processes describes cartilage growth by mitotic division of chondrocytes within the matrix?

Articular cartilage has a perichondrium, which aids in its repair after injury.

What feature distinguishes elastic cartilage from hyaline cartilage?

In osteoarthritis, chondrocytes produce __________ and TNF-α, stimulating metalloproteinases.

Match each zone of the hyaline cartilage matrix with its components:

Which component of bone is responsible for its flexibility and resistance to fracture?

Decalcified bone is best suited for visualizing inorganic components like hydroxyapatite.

What cells secrete osteoid?

__________ are mature bone cells entrapped in lacunae.

Match each type of bone cell with its function:

What is the role of matrix vesicles in bone mineralization?

Volkmann's canals connect osteons, providing pathways for blood vessels in mature bone.

Name on bone-specific vitamin-K dependent protein and it's role.

Periosteum is responsible for appositional bone growth via __________ ossification.

What are the main charicartersistics for:

Which of the following is the primary function of the ruffled border in osteoclasts?

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) directly stimulates osteoclasts via membrane receptors to increase bone resorption.

What substance produced by osteoblasts blocks RANKL, inhibiting osteoclast activity?

Osteopetrosis results from defective __________ function.

Match the following bone formation processes with descriptions:

What type of cells migrate into the cavity after chondrocytes is death during Enchondral ossification

Hyaline cartilage persists in the epiphyseal plate and calcifies to provide a framework for new bone.

During long bone repair, what is the name of the bone formed during the transformation process.

Bone growth in length depends on the presence of the __________ plate.

Match each vitamin with the bone condition with which its deficiency is associated:

Which layer of thick skin contains eleidin?

Keratinocytes prevent water loss through specialized cell junctions.

Name of layer cell responsible for two point sensory discrimination for skin.

__________ is severe blister formation similar to epidermolysis bullosa

Match each layer of the epidermis (from superficial to deep) with a primary component found within:

Lamellar Corpuscles release are necessary for epidermis

Melanin is created by fibroblasts to protect against UV rays.

What is the layer between epidermis and dermis

______ makes hard part of the hair

Match each tactile mechanoreceptor with its stimuli type.

Which component passes within the axon in Perikaryon or Cell nucleus

Motor neurons are multipolar

What is a neuron that can be close to interoceptive areas.

Anterograde move which receptor ______ .

Which characteristic is NOT typically associated with cartilage?

Type II collagen is the predominant collagen type found in hyaline cartilage.

What term refers to the growth of cartilage by adding new matrix to the surface?

In osteoarthritis, chondrocytes produce interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), which stimulate ______

Match the following types of cartilage with their primary location:

Which component of bone tissue is PRIMARILY responsible for its hardness and resistance to compression?

Osteoclasts are derived from osteoblasts.

What is the name of the functional unit of mature compact bone?

In endochondral ossification, the cartilage model is replaced by bone. The first sign of ossification is the appearance of the ______.

Which of the following must occur before bone ossification can begin?