Histology Lecture 7: Blood Connective Tissue
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Questions and Answers

What is the approximate volume percentage of erythrocytes in the total blood volume of healthy adults?

  • 40%
  • 50%
  • 44% (correct)
  • 30%

Which of the following is NOT a function of blood in the human body?

  • Regulation of acid-base balance
  • Maintenance of osmotic balance
  • Production of hormones (correct)
  • Distribution of nutrients

What is the primary component of blood that carries oxygen to cells throughout the body?

  • Erythrocytes (correct)
  • Hemoglobin
  • Platelets
  • Plasma

What is the term for the process by which blood proteins react to form a clot when blood leaves the circulatory system?

<p>Coagulation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a function of serum in the human body?

<p>Confering biological properties (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of platelets in the blood clotting process?

<p>Releasing growth factors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the liquid portion of blood that remains after clotting has occurred?

<p>Serum (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of blood in the human body?

<p>It is a specialized connective tissue (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage of the volume of the buffy coat in the centrifugation tube?

<p>1% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of albumin in the blood?

<p>To maintain the osmotic pressure of the blood (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the complement proteins in the plasma?

<p>To defend against inflammation and microorganisms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the largest plasma protein?

<p>Fibrinogen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the pH of the plasma?

<p>7.4 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the globulins in the plasma?

<p>To transport various substances in the blood (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the location of the highest O2 pressure in the blood?

<p>Arteries (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the protein that polymerizes to form fibrin during blood clotting?

<p>Fibrinogen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate percentage of lipid in the erythrocyte plasmalemma?

<p>40% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of erythrocytes in the vasculature?

<p>To provide a large surface-to-volume ratio for gas exchange (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following proteins is NOT an integral membrane protein in the erythrocyte plasmalemma?

<p>Hemoglobin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using azures in blood smear stains?

<p>To stain cytoplasmic granules containing charged proteins and proteoglycans (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which erythrocytes generate energy?

<p>Anaerobic glycolysis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic shape of human erythrocytes suspended in an isotonic medium?

<p>Flexible biconcave discs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the average lifespan of human erythrocytes in the circulation?

<p>120 days (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal concentration of erythrocytes in blood in women?

<p>3.9-5.5 million/μL (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the removal of senescent erythrocytes from the circulation?

<p>Both A and B (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the advantage of the biconcave shape of erythrocytes?

<p>It increases their surface-to-volume ratio for gas exchange (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary symptom of anemia?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are erythrocytes useful as an internal standard in histology?

<p>Because they can be used to estimate the size of other nearby cells or structures (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the property of certain biological materials of staining a different color from that of the stain used?

<p>Metachromasia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the underlying cause of sickle cell anemia?

<p>A mutation in the gene for hemoglobin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of macrophages in the spleen, liver, and bone marrow?

<p>To remove senescent erythrocytes from the circulation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the stacks of erythrocytes that form in larger blood vessels?

<p>Rouleaux (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Blood

Specialized connective tissue composed of cells and plasma.

Plasma

Fluid extracellular material in blood.

Clot Formation

Plasma proteins that react to form a blood clot.

Serum

Formed elements + pale yellow liquid remaining after clotting.

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Erythrocytes

Cells in blood that transport O2, CO2, hormones, etc.

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Nutrient Transport

Distributing nutrients and collecting metabolic residues.

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Plasma Composition

Aqueous solution in blood (pH 7.4).

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Major Plasma Proteins

Albumin, globulins, immunoglobulins, fibrinogen, complement proteins.

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Albumin Function

Maintains osmotic pressure of blood.

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Globulins Function

Transport factors, coagulation factors, lipoproteins.

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Immunoglobulins

Antibodies secreted by plasma cells.

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Fibrinogen Function

Polymerizes into fibrin during clotting.

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Complement Proteins

Defensive system for inflammation and microbial destruction.

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Erythrocytes (RBCs)

Red blood cells.

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RBC Characteristics

Structures lacking nuclei, filled with hemoglobin.

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RBC Shape

Flexible biconcave discs (7.5 μm diameter).

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Normal RBC Count

4.1-6.0 million/μL in men, 3.9-5.5 million/μL in women.

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Rouleaux Formation

Adherence of RBCs in stacks.

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Erythrocyte Membrane

40% lipid, 10% carbohydrate, 50% protein.

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Membrane Proteins

Ion channels, band 3 protein, glycophorin A.

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RBC Lifespan

Approximately 120 days.

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Erythrocyte Energy

They rely on anaerobic glycolysis for energy.

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Anemia

Below-normal concentration of erythrocytes.

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Anemia Symptoms

Lethargy, shortness of breath, fatigue, skin pallor.

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Erythrocyte Function

Deliver oxygen and remove CO2.

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Albumin Source

Made in the liver; maintains osmotic pressure.

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RBC Flexibility

Flexible to fit through capillaries.

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Terminal Differentiation

Losing nuclei and organelles.

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RBCs as Standards

Internal standard to estimate cell/structure size.

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Blood Components

Plasma, erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets.

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Study Notes

Blood: A Specialized Connective Tissue

  • Blood is composed of cells and fluid extracellular material called plasma, totaling approximately 5 liters in an average adult.
  • When blood leaves the circulatory system, plasma proteins react to produce a clot, including formed elements and a pale yellow liquid called serum.

Blood Function

  • Erythrocytes (44% of total blood volume in healthy adults) transport O2, CO2, metabolites, hormones, and other substances to cells throughout the body.
  • Nutrients are distributed from their sites of synthesis or absorption, while metabolic residues are collected and removed by excretory organs.
  • Blood participates in heat distribution, regulates body temperature, and maintains acid-base and osmotic balance.

Composition of Blood and Plasma

  • Plasma is an aqueous solution (pH 7.4) containing substances of low or high molecular weight, making up 7% of its volume.
  • Plasma components include plasma proteins, nutrients, respiratory gases, nitrogenous waste products, hormones, and inorganic ions (electrolytes).

Major Plasma Proteins

  • Albumin: maintains osmotic pressure of blood, made in the liver.
  • Globulins (α- and β-globulins): transport factors, coagulation factors, lipoproteins, and other proteins, made in the liver and other cells.
  • Immunoglobulins (antibodies or γ-globulins): secreted by plasma cells in many locations.
  • Fibrinogen: polymerizes as insoluble, cross-linked fibers of fibrin during clotting, made in the liver.
  • Complement proteins: comprise a defensive system important in inflammation and destruction of microorganisms.

Blood Cells

  • Erythrocytes (red blood cells [RBCs]):
    • Terminally differentiated structures lacking nuclei, completely filled with hemoglobin.
    • Flexible biconcave discs, approximately 7.5 μm in diameter, 2.6-μm thick at the rim, and 0.75-μm thick in the center.
    • Normal concentration in blood: approximately 3.9-5.5 million/μL in women and 4.1-6.0 million/μL in men.
    • Can be used as an internal standard to estimate the size of other nearby cells or structures.

Erythrocyte Characteristics

  • Flexibility allows RBCs to bend and adapt to small diameters and irregular turns of capillaries.
  • In larger blood vessels, RBCs may adhere to one another loosely in stacks called rouleaux.
  • Erythrocyte plasmalemma is composed of 40% lipid, 10% carbohydrate, and 50% protein.
  • Integral membrane proteins include ion channels, band 3 protein, and glycophorin A.

Erythrocyte Lifespan and Medical Application

  • Erythrocytes undergo terminal differentiation, losing nuclei and organelles before release into circulation.
  • Lacking mitochondria, RBCs rely on anaerobic glycolysis for energy needs.
  • Normal lifespan: approximately 120 days, after which defects in the membrane’s cytoskeletal lattice or ion transport systems produce abnormalities.
  • Medical application: anemia is a condition of having a concentration of erythrocytes below the normal range, causing symptoms such as lethargy, shortness of breath, fatigue, skin pallor, and heart palpitations.

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This quiz covers the basics of blood as a specialized connective tissue, its composition, and its role in the circulatory system.

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