Hindlimb Muscles Quiz

Intrinsic Musculature of the Pelvic Limb

• The muscles of the hindlimb transfer power to the trunk through the hip (coxofemoral) and sacroiliac joints.
• These joints are supported by the intrinsic muscles of the hindlimb.

Intrinsic Musculature Muscles

• Muscles of the ipf are deep gluteal, piriformis, dorsal, internal, sacrocaudal and ventral lateral sacrocaudal, levator ani, greater trochanter, and quadratus femoris.

• Muscles of the arm are rectus, femoris, Adductor, vastus lateralis, semitendinosus, semimembranosus, caudal crural abductor, caudal femoral, gastro, and cranial tibial muscles.

• Muscles of the arsus are middle gluteal, superficial gluteal, semitendinous, semimembranous, biceps femoris, gracilis, and gastro.

• Muscles of the igits comprises common calcaneal tendon and superficial digital flexor

Muscles of the Hip

• Rump muscles of the pelvis: These muscles extend between the ilium and the thigh and are arranged in layers. 

• The hamstring group extends from the ischium to the tibia, and its tendons become part of the common calcaneal tendon.

• Medial muscles of the thigh: These muscles run between the pelvic floor and the femur on the medial side of the thigh.

• Inner pelvic muscles: These muscles run the length between the pelvis and trochanteric fossa of the femur.

Rump Muscles of the Pelvis

• Tensor fascia lata muscle: Originates from the tuber coxae, adjacent ilium, and middle gluteal muscle's aponeurosis. It draws the limb forward.
• Superficial gluteal muscle: Originates from the lateral sacrum, first caudal vertebra, sacrotuberous ligament, and the cranial dorsal iliac spine from the deep gluteal fascia. It acts to extend and flex the hip joint, outwardly rotating the limb.
• Middle gluteal muscle: Originates from the crest and gluteal surface of the ilium. It extends the hip joint, outward rotating the limb.

Deep Gluteal Muscle

• ORIGIN: Lateral surface of the ilial shaft near the iliac spine.
• INSERTION: Cranial aspect of the greater trochanter.
• ACTION: Draws the limb outward and backward.

Piriform Muscle

• ORIGIN: Last sacral vertebra and sacrotuberous ligament.
• INSERTION: Distal to greater trochanter on the lateral surface of the femur
• ACTION: Draws limb outward and backward.

External Obturator Muscle

• ORIGIN: Outer surface of the obturator foramen.
• INSERTION: Trochanteric fossa.
• ACTION: Draws hindlimb outward.

Quadratus femoris Muscle

• ORIGIN: Ventral surface of the caudal part of the ischium. 
• INSERTION: Intertrochanteric crest.
• ACTION: Draws hindlimb outward.

Internal Obturator Muscle

• ORIGIN: Inner surface of the obturator foramen.
• INSERTION: Trochanteric fossa. 
• ACTION: Draws hindlimb outward.

Gemellus Muscles

• ORIGIN: Lateral surface of the ischium, caudal to the acetabulum and ventral to the lesser ischiatic notch.
• INSERTION: Trochanteric fossa.
• ACTION: Draws hindlimb outward.

Cranial Muscles of the Thigh

• Quadriceps femoris: A powerful stifle extensor, it originates from the femur and ilium. Inserts at the tibial tuberosity. Necessary for weight support.
• Patella: A sesamoid bone within the quadriceps tendon, articulating with the femoral trochlea.
• Patellar Ligament: Extends from the patella to the tibial tuberosity.
• Rectus femoris: Straight thigh muscle; originates from the ilium, extends the stifle joint, and flexes the hip.
• Vastus lateralis: Lateral thigh muscle, positioned lateral and caudal to the rectus femoris; extends the stifle joint.
• Vastus intermedius: Located on the cranial surface of the femur; extends the stifle joint, and is fused with the other vasti muscles.
• Vastus medialis: Originates medially and proximally to femur. Inserts at the patellar and tibial tuberosity. Acts as a stifle joint extensor.

Caudal Muscles of the Thigh

• Biceps femoris: Laterally located; extends the hip and hock; flexes the stifle. Originates from sacrotuberous ligament and ischiatic tuberosity. Inserts at the patellar ligament.
• Semitendinosus: Located caudally; extends the hip and hock; and flexes the stifle joint. Originates from the ischiatic tuberosity. Inserts at the distocranial border of tibia.
• Semimembranosus: Located medially; extends the hip and hock; and flexes the stifle joint. Originates from ischiatic tuberosity. Inserts at the medial surface of tibia and tuber calcanei.

Cranial Muscles of the Crus

• Cranial Tibial Muscle: Originates from the extensor groove at the tibia. Inserts at the plantar aspect of the base of metatarsals I and II.
• Long Fibular Muscle: Originates on the lateral condyle of the tibia and epicondyle of the femur. Inserts at the fourth tarsal bone's plantar surface; flexes tarsus.
• Short Fibular Muscle: Only present in dogs. Originates on the lateral condyle of the tibia and epicondyle of the femur. Inserts at the fourth tarsal bone's plantar surface; flexes tarsus.
• Third Fibular Muscle: Only present in dogs, it originates on the lateral condyle of the tibia and epicondyle of the femur. Inserts at the fourth tarsal bone's plantar surface, flexes tarsus.

Craniolateral Muscles of the Crus

• Long Digital Extensor Muscle. Originates from the extensor fossa of the femur; extends the digits II, III, IV, V.
• Lateral Digital Extensor Muscle. Originates on the fibula and tibia's lateral condyle; extends the digits.
• Long Extensor Muscle of the First Digit. Originates from the fibula. Inserts at the second digit; extends the digit.

Caudal Muscles of the Crus

• Gastrocnemius Muscle. Originates from the medial and lateral supracondylar tuberosities of the femur. Inserts at the tuber calcanei. Acts as tarsus extensor and stifle flexor.
• Superficial Digital Flexor Muscle. Originates on the lateral supracondylar tuberosity of the femur. Inserts at the tuber calcanei. Flexor of the stifle and tarsus joints, digits.
• Deep Digital Flexor Muscle. Originates from the caudal aspect of the proximal two-thirds of the tibia, proximal half of fibula, and the adjacent interosseous membrane. Inserts at the flexor tubercle on plantar aspect of each distal phalanx. Flexor of digits.
• Popliteus Muscle. Originates on the lateral epicondyle of the femur, inserts on the proximal third of the caudal surface of the tibia. Flexes the stifle, draws limb inward.

Medial Muscles of the Thigh

• Sartorius Muscle: Originates from the crest of the ilium and thoracolumbar fascia. Inserts into the patella; in common with rectus femoris and quadriceps, cranial tibial border. Acts by adducting and drawing hindlimb forward.
• Gracilis Muscle: Originates from the symphysis. Inserts into the cranial border of the tibia and the tuber calcanei (along with the biceps femoris and semitendinosus muscles). Adducts the hindlimb.
• Pectineus Muscle: Originates from the iliopubic eminence and pubic tubercle. Inserts into the distal end of the medial lip of the caudal rough face of the femur. Abducts the thigh.
• Adductor Muscles: Originates from the entire pelvic symphysis. Inserts into the medial border of the femur. Adducts the hindlimb.

Test your knowledge of the intrinsic muscles of the hindlimb and their functions. This quiz covers various muscle groups, their origins, insertions, and actions in relation to the hindlimb. Perfect for students studying anatomy or veterinary sciences.