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Questions and Answers
Stabilization cracks are typically larger than 3 m in size.
Stabilization cracks are typically larger than 3 m in size.
False
Potholes are only considered significant if their diameter is less than 150 mm.
Potholes are only considered significant if their diameter is less than 150 mm.
False
The application of a geo-textile strip is appropriate for active cracks.
The application of a geo-textile strip is appropriate for active cracks.
True
Economic analysis is not a rational way to compare rehabilitation strategies.
Economic analysis is not a rational way to compare rehabilitation strategies.
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Stabilization cracks develop from the top of the surfacing.
Stabilization cracks develop from the top of the surfacing.
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Extensive cracking is best sealed individually for cost-effectiveness.
Extensive cracking is best sealed individually for cost-effectiveness.
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Preventative maintenance on pavement is cheaper than rehabilitation after neglect.
Preventative maintenance on pavement is cheaper than rehabilitation after neglect.
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Low severity surface cracking can be addressed with a rejuvenator.
Low severity surface cracking can be addressed with a rejuvenator.
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Poor maintenance can increase vehicle operating costs significantly.
Poor maintenance can increase vehicle operating costs significantly.
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Potholes develop independently and do not result from cracks.
Potholes develop independently and do not result from cracks.
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Highway maintenance management systems are the same as pavement management systems.
Highway maintenance management systems are the same as pavement management systems.
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The main objectives of highway maintenance include prolonging the structural life of the pavement.
The main objectives of highway maintenance include prolonging the structural life of the pavement.
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Removing and replacing defective layers is a method used to repair potholes.
Removing and replacing defective layers is a method used to repair potholes.
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Regular maintenance is typically more than 10 times costlier than neglecting the pavement.
Regular maintenance is typically more than 10 times costlier than neglecting the pavement.
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Poor maintenance may lead to the closure of roads and impact social and economic conditions.
Poor maintenance may lead to the closure of roads and impact social and economic conditions.
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Periodic maintenance refers to operations that are regularly required on a section of road.
Periodic maintenance refers to operations that are regularly required on a section of road.
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Lane-to-shoulder drop-off refers to the difference in elevation or width of joint between the pavement and the sidewalk.
Lane-to-shoulder drop-off refers to the difference in elevation or width of joint between the pavement and the sidewalk.
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Roughness in pavement surfaces can only be completely rectified with resurfacing of coarse slurry or asphalt.
Roughness in pavement surfaces can only be completely rectified with resurfacing of coarse slurry or asphalt.
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The polishing stone value (PSV) of chippings does not affect skid resistance.
The polishing stone value (PSV) of chippings does not affect skid resistance.
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Defects in pavement can be recorded based on severity and extent.
Defects in pavement can be recorded based on severity and extent.
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Jointed reinforced concrete pavements are one of the types of rigid pavement defects.
Jointed reinforced concrete pavements are one of the types of rigid pavement defects.
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Map cracking extends deeply into the concrete slab and is considered a severe defect.
Map cracking extends deeply into the concrete slab and is considered a severe defect.
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Shorter sections of pavement, ranging from 50 m to 1 km, are typically used for detailed level assessments.
Shorter sections of pavement, ranging from 50 m to 1 km, are typically used for detailed level assessments.
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Resurfacing with the appropriate type can degrade skid resistance in wet conditions.
Resurfacing with the appropriate type can degrade skid resistance in wet conditions.
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Large and well-defined cracks can effectively be sealed.
Large and well-defined cracks can effectively be sealed.
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Partial depth patching can be used if damage extends to more than 100 mm into the slab.
Partial depth patching can be used if damage extends to more than 100 mm into the slab.
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Full depth patching requires the replacement of joint seals, dowels, and tie bars.
Full depth patching requires the replacement of joint seals, dowels, and tie bars.
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Thin asphalt overlays are preferable for large and fine cracks that are closely spaced.
Thin asphalt overlays are preferable for large and fine cracks that are closely spaced.
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Hot poured sealants are to be applied over joints after being injected into prepared reservoirs.
Hot poured sealants are to be applied over joints after being injected into prepared reservoirs.
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Joint and crack sealing is an essential maintenance activity for rigid pavements.
Joint and crack sealing is an essential maintenance activity for rigid pavements.
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Special care is required during full depth patching to accurately reinstate dowel bars and joints.
Special care is required during full depth patching to accurately reinstate dowel bars and joints.
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Mechanical damage is not a consideration for partial depth patching.
Mechanical damage is not a consideration for partial depth patching.
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The completed learning packet must be submitted to the subject teacher within the 1st week of the class.
The completed learning packet must be submitted to the subject teacher within the 1st week of the class.
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Providing feedback on how the learning packet should be enhanced is optional.
Providing feedback on how the learning packet should be enhanced is optional.
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Students are required to explain what help they received in the learning packet.
Students are required to explain what help they received in the learning packet.
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The learning packet does not include a section for stating reasons if help was not provided.
The learning packet does not include a section for stating reasons if help was not provided.
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Students are allowed to suggest enhancements based on their personal views.
Students are allowed to suggest enhancements based on their personal views.
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Undersealing is a specialized operation that involves lifting slabs to create voids.
Undersealing is a specialized operation that involves lifting slabs to create voids.
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Perfect load transfer can reduce stresses and deflections to half that of a pavement with no load transfer.
Perfect load transfer can reduce stresses and deflections to half that of a pavement with no load transfer.
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Pressure relief joints are used to increase stresses in the slab due to its movement restrictions.
Pressure relief joints are used to increase stresses in the slab due to its movement restrictions.
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Tied PCC-shoulders with 100% load transfer can reduce slab deflections and stresses by 50%.
Tied PCC-shoulders with 100% load transfer can reduce slab deflections and stresses by 50%.
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Retrofit drains can extend the life of pavement from 20–25 years to 30–35 years.
Retrofit drains can extend the life of pavement from 20–25 years to 30–35 years.
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Regraveling is only necessary when the wearing course on a gravel road becomes thicker than 25 mm.
Regraveling is only necessary when the wearing course on a gravel road becomes thicker than 25 mm.
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Road markings deteriorate faster in regions with a low percentage of sunshine days.
Road markings deteriorate faster in regions with a low percentage of sunshine days.
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Material on unpaved shoulders does not require grading and replenishing over time.
Material on unpaved shoulders does not require grading and replenishing over time.
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Study Notes
Course Information
- Course title: Highway and Railroad Engineering
- Course code: HRE 313
- Institution: President Ramon Magsaysay State University
- Edition: 2021
Module Overview
- Highway maintenance is defined as actions to keep highway elements safe and usable.
- This condition depends on highway purpose, traffic, and technical, social, and political factors.
- Highway maintenance types include emergency, remedial (routine or recurrent), and preventative (periodic).
- Maintenance does not usually include upgrading or strengthening.
- Maintenance may be done if strengthening is the most cost-effective long-term solution.
Chapter 1: Failures, Maintenance, and Rehabilitation of Transportation Structures
- Introduction: Economical rehabilitation methods vary by pavement, local costs, and material performance.
- Economic analysis is needed to compare strategies.
Highway Maintenance
- Highway maintenance is planned, managed, designed, and executed.
- Maintenance management systems and procedures are used.
- Preventative maintenance is more cost-effective than reactive maintenance.
- Avoiding accidents due to unsafe conditions is important.
- Poor maintenance increases vehicle operating costs (15%-50%).
- Poor maintenance impacts accessibility.
Types of Highway Maintenance
- Periodic/Preventive Maintenance: Large-scale operations after a period, requiring specialist equipment and skilled resources. Focuses on extending pavement life and reducing user delays. Examples include regraveling unpaved roads, resealing paved roads, and regraveling shoulders.
- Routine Maintenance: Small-scale or simple operations performed regularly (e.g., vegetation control, pothole patching, crack sealing). Does not significantly influence by traffic flow. Examples include grass cutting, drainage maintenance, and road sign maintenance.
Flexible Pavement Defects & Maintenance
- Cracking: Irregular, block, map, star, amorphous. Caused by aging and bituminous binder deterioration. Fatigue cracks are interconnected cracks in a chicken-wire pattern.
- Potholes: Bowl-shaped depressions on the pavement surface. Caused by moisture ingress and pavement layer deterioration.
- Rutting: Longitudinal surface depressions in wheel paths. Result from compaction or shear deformation caused by traffic loading.
- Shoving: Longitudinal displacement of localized pavement areas due to shear forces from traffic.
- Bleeding: A film of bituminous binder on the surface creates a reflective, shiny surface.
- Raveling: Removal of aggregate particles due to abrasion or weathering.
- Skid resistance: Reduced skid resistance is also classified as a defect potentially impacting safety.
Rigid Pavement Defects & Maintenance
- Surface defects: Issues like map cracking, scaling, polished aggregate, and pop-outs.
- Durability cracking (D-cracking): Closely spaced hairline cracks typically at junctions of joints/cracks and pavement edges.
- Longitudinal cracking: Cracks parallel to the road centerline.
- Cluster cracking: A grouping of transverse cracks.
- Diagonal cracking: Cracks oblique to road center.
- Blow-ups: Upward movement of the pavement with shattering of concrete occurring at transverse joints.
- Corner breaks: Slab separation where cracks intersect adjacent transverse and longitudinal joints.
- Water bleeding/pumping: Water seeping beneath pavement surface due to cracks or/and eroded material.
- Faulting: Difference in elevation at transverse joints/cracks due to erosion or settlement.
Roadside Drainage
- Roadside drainage is required for managing water standing on road surfaces or shoulders.
- Components of drainage include side drains, catch water drains, miter/turn-out drains, and subsoil drains.
Roadside Features & Maintenance
- Maintaining fences, vegetation, and road markings are important for visibility, drainage, and safety, especially along high-risk areas or places where livestock is present.
- Road signs require scheduled inspection and timely maintenance/replacement to maintain effective visibility and safety.
Geotechnical Features
- Maintenance of earth and rock slopes, cuts, and fills.
- Failures in these features are potentially serious and costly.
- Slope and fill stability should be monitored.
- Prevention or mitigation measures are often necessary.
Dust Suppressants
- Products to reduce or eliminate dust.
- Types include chlorides, organics, petroleum-based, and electro-chemical products.
- Effectiveness depends on material, amount of fines, PI, and humidity.
Maintenance Criteria
- Authorities use different criteria to trigger highway maintenance tasks.
- Immediate response is needed for major issues, and others can be scheduled.
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Description
This quiz covers essential aspects of highway maintenance, including types of maintenance, factors influencing safety and usability, and economic analysis of rehabilitation methods. Understand the various strategies related to the maintenance and rehabilitation of transportation structures as outlined in Chapter 1.
