Highway Maintenance in HRE 313

Longitudinal surface depression in the wheel path, caused by compaction or shear deformation of pavement layers from traffic.

Filling ruts with slurry, thin asphalt, milling, or replacement, or resurfacing.

Longitudinal displacement of pavement areas due to shear forces from traffic loading, often seen where vehicles stop and start.

Bituminous binder film on the surface, creating a shiny, reflective, possibly tacky surface, primarily in hot weather.

Aggregate particles being dislodged from the pavement, often in conjunction with asphalt binder being removed from the surface due to traffic abrasion.

The elasticity and freshness of the bituminous binder, which decreases over time, leading to problems like raveling and weathering.

Breaking away of pavement surfacing at the edges, often related to poor maintenance of unpaved shoulders.

The condition of a patch, requiring the same fixes as potholes.

Rectangular cracks (0.5-3m) in stabilized layers, formed by reflection through the surfacing.

Fine material moving from the stabilized layer into the cracks.

Small cracks indicating a stabilized layer's deterioration and nearing the end of its use.

Cracks that originate from the top of the surface layer.

A bowl-shaped hole in the pavement surface (diameter > 150mm, depth > 25mm).

Potholes often develop from other cracks, worsened by moisture.

Patching the pavement by removing damaged parts and replacing them with bituminous mixture.

Pavement crack severity impacts repair methods (e.g., sealing, membrane, replacement).

The surface of the pavement where mortar and texturing have worn away exposing the coarse aggregate.

Small pieces of pavement that break loose from the surface, typically 25-100mm in diameter and 13-50mm deep.

Closely spaced crescent-shaped cracks, often near joints or edges, caused by concrete material issues and/or freeze-thaw cycles. The cracks worsen progressively.

Cracks primarily parallel to the pavement centerline. May or may not indicate a problem, depending on severity.

Longitudinal cracks signaling possible foundation issues or base erosion if widening or spalling is evident.

Time-sensitive sealing is a usual fix, but undersealing might be needed if the slab support is affected.

Full-depth patching is usually the solution for D-cracking.

The system of channels, pipes, and features designed to collect and remove water from the road surface and shoulders.

A long, narrow excavation that collects and drains surface water from the road.

A drain that directs water from the side drain away from the road.

An inclined pipe or channel constructed on a slope to carry water downwards.

A pipe or permeable material used to collect and dispose of groundwater under the road surface.

Lines, symbols, and other features that inform drivers about the road layout and traffic rules.

The area of land surrounding the road, including shoulders, fences, and vegetation.

Elements like signs, fences, guardrails, and reflectors that improve road safety.

The ability of a pavement joint to distribute vehicle loads across the pavement, reducing stress and deflections.

Components used to improve load transfer at pavement joints, such as Vee, Double Vee, and dowels.

Joints in pavements that allow movement, reducing stress caused by pavement expansion and contraction.

Reinforcement at the edge of a pavement slab to reduce deflections and increase structural stability.

Drainage systems installed to remove water from pavements, preventing pumping and faulting.

The process of restoring faded or worn road markings to maintain visibility and safety.

Maintaining unpaved shoulders by grading and replenishing material.

Repairing surface damage on concrete slabs up to 50-100mm deep. Involves removing the damaged section, cleaning, applying a bond breaker, and placing fresh concrete.

Replacing entire sections of concrete slabs, including reinforcement, dowels, and joint seals. Used for severe damage that extends more than half the slab's depth.

A type of damage in concrete slabs where a portion of the slab rises up due to pressure from trapped water or gases.

A crack or break at the corner of a concrete slab, often caused by stress from traffic or settlement.

Cracking that occurs in concrete slabs due to repeated freeze-thaw cycles, often forming a 'D' shape.

A localized area of concrete slab where the surface has been damaged by impact, often from heavy objects.

Deterioration of the connection between concrete slabs at joints, leading to uneven load distribution and damage.

Chipping, breaking, or flaking of concrete, often caused by freeze-thaw cycles or impact.