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Questions and Answers
What causes rutting in pavement?
What causes rutting in pavement?
Which of the following is an indication of severe rutting?
Which of the following is an indication of severe rutting?
What is shoving in pavement defects?
What is shoving in pavement defects?
What is one way to repair rutting?
What is one way to repair rutting?
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Which condition describes a shiny reflective surface on pavement?
Which condition describes a shiny reflective surface on pavement?
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How can poor binder conditions be improved?
How can poor binder conditions be improved?
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What are edge breaks in pavement defects typically caused by?
What are edge breaks in pavement defects typically caused by?
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What are stabilization cracks primarily characterized by?
What are stabilization cracks primarily characterized by?
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Which method is appropriate for sealing isolated and well-defined cracks?
Which method is appropriate for sealing isolated and well-defined cracks?
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How can low severity surface cracking be effectively addressed?
How can low severity surface cracking be effectively addressed?
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What is a characteristic feature of a pothole?
What is a characteristic feature of a pothole?
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Which statement differentiates stabilization cracks from block cracks?
Which statement differentiates stabilization cracks from block cracks?
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What is a typical cause of potholes on pavement surfaces?
What is a typical cause of potholes on pavement surfaces?
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What is the best action to take when facing extensive fatigue cracking associated with deformation?
What is the best action to take when facing extensive fatigue cracking associated with deformation?
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What indicates that a stabilized layer is close to the end of its functional life?
What indicates that a stabilized layer is close to the end of its functional life?
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What is the process of scaling in pavement surfaces?
What is the process of scaling in pavement surfaces?
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What characteristics are commonly associated with D-cracking?
What characteristics are commonly associated with D-cracking?
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What initiates D-cracking in concrete pavements?
What initiates D-cracking in concrete pavements?
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What maintenance action is considered the most appropriate for longitudinal cracking?
What maintenance action is considered the most appropriate for longitudinal cracking?
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Which option describes the characteristics of pop-outs in pavement?
Which option describes the characteristics of pop-outs in pavement?
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What does longitudinal cracking potentially signify if it progresses?
What does longitudinal cracking potentially signify if it progresses?
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Regarding maintenance options, how is D-cracking most effectively repaired?
Regarding maintenance options, how is D-cracking most effectively repaired?
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What is a primary consequence of unattended longitudinal cracking?
What is a primary consequence of unattended longitudinal cracking?
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What is roadside drainage primarily aimed at preventing?
What is roadside drainage primarily aimed at preventing?
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Which of the following is NOT a reason for drainage defects?
Which of the following is NOT a reason for drainage defects?
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How often should the condition of roadside drainage features typically be assessed?
How often should the condition of roadside drainage features typically be assessed?
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What does a 'high' severity rating indicate regarding roadside drainage?
What does a 'high' severity rating indicate regarding roadside drainage?
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What is the role of litter clearing in road reserves?
What is the role of litter clearing in road reserves?
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In which areas is maintenance of fencing particularly important?
In which areas is maintenance of fencing particularly important?
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Which type of drainage is considered to be a feature for collecting groundwater?
Which type of drainage is considered to be a feature for collecting groundwater?
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What is generally done with damaged fencing?
What is generally done with damaged fencing?
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What is the purpose of partial depth patching?
What is the purpose of partial depth patching?
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Which situation likely requires full depth patching instead of partial depth patching?
Which situation likely requires full depth patching instead of partial depth patching?
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What type of maintenance activity significantly prevents water infiltration in rigid pavements?
What type of maintenance activity significantly prevents water infiltration in rigid pavements?
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Which material is not typically classified as a sealant for joints and cracks in rigid pavements?
Which material is not typically classified as a sealant for joints and cracks in rigid pavements?
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What is the recommended curing time for normal concrete used in partial depth patching before reopening to traffic?
What is the recommended curing time for normal concrete used in partial depth patching before reopening to traffic?
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In what situation would a mid-slab patch layout be used?
In what situation would a mid-slab patch layout be used?
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Which of the following is an example of mechanical damage that might result in partial depth patching?
Which of the following is an example of mechanical damage that might result in partial depth patching?
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What is the function of a bond breaker in the patching process?
What is the function of a bond breaker in the patching process?
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What is the effect of providing load transfer devices to faulty joints and cracks?
What is the effect of providing load transfer devices to faulty joints and cracks?
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What is the main function of pressure relief joints in pavement?
What is the main function of pressure relief joints in pavement?
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How can edge support impact slab deflections?
How can edge support impact slab deflections?
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What is the purpose of retrofit drains in pavement maintenance?
What is the purpose of retrofit drains in pavement maintenance?
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When is regraveling typically necessary on a gravel road?
When is regraveling typically necessary on a gravel road?
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What factors influence how frequently road markings need to be reapplied?
What factors influence how frequently road markings need to be reapplied?
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What is one of the key benefits of providing a tied PCC-shoulder in pavement construction?
What is one of the key benefits of providing a tied PCC-shoulder in pavement construction?
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Which of the following statements about the lifespan of pavement after installing drains is accurate?
Which of the following statements about the lifespan of pavement after installing drains is accurate?
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Study Notes
Course Information
- Course title: Highway and Railroad Engineering
- Course code: HRE 313
- Edition: 2021
Module Overview
- Highway maintenance is defined as actions to keep highway elements safe and usable.
- Condition depends on the highway's purpose, traffic, and other factors.
- Maintenance can be emergency, remedial, or preventative.
Chapter 1: Failures, Maintenance, and Rehabilitation of Transportation Structures
- Introduction: The most economical rehabilitation strategy varies by pavement.
- Local costs and material performance expectations differ regionally.
- Economical comparison of strategies requires cost analysis.
Highway Maintenance
- Highway maintenance is planned, managed, designed, and executed.
- Preventative maintenance is more cost-effective than later rehabilitation.
- Poor maintenance increases vehicle operating costs (15%) and lack of accessibility.
- Maintenance types: periodic and routine.
Highway Maintenance Definitions
- Periodic/Preventative Maintenance: Operations requiring specialist equipment and skilled resources, usually large-scale, after a period. (e.g., regraveling)
- Routine Maintenance: Operations done yearly, simple or small-scale. (e.g., grass cutting)
Pavement Defects in Flexible Pavements
- Cracking (map cracks, star cracks, block cracks, fatigue cracks): Associated with aging and bituminous binder deterioration.
- Potholes: Bowl-shaped holes.
- Rutting: Longitudinal surface depressions in wheel paths.
- Shoving: Longitudinal displacement of pavement localized areas.
- Bleeding: Shiny, reflective, and sometimes tacky bituminous surface film.
- Polished aggregate: Smooth aggregate surface reduces skid resistance.
- Raveling: Aggregate loss due to abrasion.
- Edge breaks: Surfacing breaks at pavement edges.
- Other pavement distresses: longitudinal and transverse cracks, reflection cracks, stabilization cracks, cluster cracking, punch-outs, diagonal cracking, and faulting.
Pavement Defects in Rigid Pavements
- Surface defects: map cracking, scaling, polished aggregate, pop-outs.
- Durability cracks: Closely spaced hairline cracks.
- Longitudinal cracks: Parallel to pavement centerline.
- Transverse cracks: Perpendicular to pavement centerline.
- Patch deterioration: Condition of a patch (asphalt or concrete).
- Steel rupture: Breakage or loss of continuity in steel reinforcement.
- Spalling of joints or cracks: Flaking, breaking, chipping of slab edges.
- Faulting: Difference in elevation across a joint or crack.
- Patch deterioration: Condition of a patch.
- Water bleeding and pumping: Water seeping or ejection from beneath pavement.
- Other defects, including defects on shoulders from difference in elevation or widening of joints.
Recording of Defects
- Defects are recorded in terms of severity and extent.
- Severity is categorized from low, moderate, or high.
- Extent (e.g., length, area, percentage) is also documented.
Roadside Drainage
- Roadside drainage is the water draining from the road surface.
- Roadside drainage includes facilities like side-ditches, miter or turn-out drains, chutes, and subsoil drains.
- Drainage problems, like improper cross-falls or clogged outlets, can result after heavy rain.
Road Markings, Reserve, and Furnitures
- Road signs, markings, reflectors, and guard-rails are road features that affect safety.
- Clearing of litter from roadside is important to prevent environmental issues.
Geometrical Features
- Road maintenance includes earth and rock slope maintenance, cutting, and filling.
- Slope failures can have severe consequences, such as road closures or injuries.
- Routine maintenance of stable slopes is critical. Inspections can identify potential instability problems.
Maintenance Criteria
- Road authorities use different criteria for highway maintenance actions, based on traffic, budget, etc.
- Maintenance actions can be immediate (within hours), intermediate (within a day or week), or delayed (period of months).
- Preventative maintenance is scheduled annually.
Remedial Maintenance Activities
- Road sign repair and replacement is a common activity.
- Safety barrier repair or replacement is also important, especially in accident-prone areas.
- Other remedial maintenance activities include grass cutting, litter removal and drainage maintenance.
Dust Suppressants
- Products used to control dust (e.g. chlorides, organic and petroleum based products, electro-chemical stabilizers).
- Effective suppression depends on the characteristics of the materials used in the road.
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Description
This quiz explores the key concepts of highway maintenance as introduced in the Highway and Railroad Engineering course. It covers definitions, types of maintenance, and the economical aspects of maintenance strategies for transportation structures. Understand how maintenance impacts safety and vehicle operating costs.
