Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the asymptomatic precursor to osteoporosis?
What is the asymptomatic precursor to osteoporosis?
- Osteopenia (correct)
- Osgood-Schlatter
- Hyperkyphosis
- Vitamin K deficiency
How can calcium absorption in the diet be promoted?
How can calcium absorption in the diet be promoted?
- Avoiding sunlight exposure
- Reducing Vitamin D intake
- Increasing dairy consumption (correct)
- Eating a high-fat diet
What happens with Osgood-Schlatter to cause symptoms?
What happens with Osgood-Schlatter to cause symptoms?
- Compression of the kneecap
- Inflammation of the biceps tendon
- Irritation at the quadriceps attachment site (correct)
- Stress on the tibia
What risk factors for osteoporosis cannot be controlled?
What risk factors for osteoporosis cannot be controlled?
What fractures are a common complication of osteoporosis?
What fractures are a common complication of osteoporosis?
What are the major signs and symptoms of Osgood-Schlatter?
What are the major signs and symptoms of Osgood-Schlatter?
What happens in osteoporosis that leads to bone loss?
What happens in osteoporosis that leads to bone loss?
Who is most likely to develop Osgood-Schlatter?
Who is most likely to develop Osgood-Schlatter?
Which of the following activities is most likely to contribute to chronic compartment syndrome?
Which of the following activities is most likely to contribute to chronic compartment syndrome?
Which condition is most likely to be triggered by work with vibration, smoking, alcohol, and diabetes?
Which condition is most likely to be triggered by work with vibration, smoking, alcohol, and diabetes?
Where are ganglion cysts usually found?
Where are ganglion cysts usually found?
What is the main contributing factor to hernias in men?
What is the main contributing factor to hernias in men?
Which of the following conditions results in visible deformity, involuntary contraction of foot muscles, and pain at friction sites?
Which of the following conditions results in visible deformity, involuntary contraction of foot muscles, and pain at friction sites?
What is the most common presentation of a ganglion cyst?
What is the most common presentation of a ganglion cyst?
Which type of compartment syndrome is most likely to be a medical emergency?
Which type of compartment syndrome is most likely to be a medical emergency?
'Hammer Toe' is characterized by which deformity?
'Hammer Toe' is characterized by which deformity?
What is the best description of carpal tunnel syndrome?
What is the best description of carpal tunnel syndrome?
What causes the symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome in most patients?
What causes the symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome in most patients?
What other injury can cause carpal tunnel syndrome symptoms?
What other injury can cause carpal tunnel syndrome symptoms?
What is another name for disc disease?
What is another name for disc disease?
In what direction do discs usually protrude?
In what direction do discs usually protrude?
What combination of activities is most likely to cause a disc injury?
What combination of activities is most likely to cause a disc injury?
What is a herniated disc?
What is a herniated disc?
What are the major signs and symptoms of a hiatal hernia?
What are the major signs and symptoms of a hiatal hernia?
What is a Morton neuroma?
What is a Morton neuroma?
What is the main cause of symptoms in Morton Neuroma?
What is the main cause of symptoms in Morton Neuroma?
What is pes planus?
What is pes planus?
What are some common factors associated with pes cavus?
What are some common factors associated with pes cavus?
What are some common repercussions of living with pes planus or pes cavus?
What are some common repercussions of living with pes planus or pes cavus?
What happens to the connective tissue on the arch of the foot with plantar fasciitis?
What happens to the connective tissue on the arch of the foot with plantar fasciitis?
What are consistent contributors to plantar fasciitis?
What are consistent contributors to plantar fasciitis?
What is the main reason for the loss of range of motion seen with bursitis?
What is the main reason for the loss of range of motion seen with bursitis?
Which activity is NOT commonly associated with shin splints?
Which activity is NOT commonly associated with shin splints?
Where are tendinopathies most likely to develop?
Where are tendinopathies most likely to develop?
Which intrinsic factor does NOT contribute to the development of tendinopathies?
Which intrinsic factor does NOT contribute to the development of tendinopathies?
What is the most common type of shin splints?
What is the most common type of shin splints?
What is the main cause of pain in tendinopathies?
What is the main cause of pain in tendinopathies?
Which condition is characterized by a large lump on the medial side of the great toe?
Which condition is characterized by a large lump on the medial side of the great toe?
Which neuromuscular disease is most commonly x-linked from the mother to son?
Which neuromuscular disease is most commonly x-linked from the mother to son?
What is the hallmark symptom of early-stage muscular dystrophy in toddlers?
What is the hallmark symptom of early-stage muscular dystrophy in toddlers?
Which form of muscular dystrophy is considered the most severe?
Which form of muscular dystrophy is considered the most severe?
What are the common complications associated with muscular dystrophy?
What are the common complications associated with muscular dystrophy?
Which two forms of muscular dystrophy are the most common?
Which two forms of muscular dystrophy are the most common?
What is the best description of gout?
What is the best description of gout?
Which demographic group is most at risk for developing gout?
Which demographic group is most at risk for developing gout?
What is the typical appearance of a joint affected by gout?
What is the typical appearance of a joint affected by gout?
Which serious condition can result from untreated gout?
Which serious condition can result from untreated gout?
How does hyperuricemia relate to the development of gout?
How does hyperuricemia relate to the development of gout?
What condition is frequently confused with patellofemoral pain syndrome?
What condition is frequently confused with patellofemoral pain syndrome?
What factors commonly contribute to patellofemoral pain syndrome?
What factors commonly contribute to patellofemoral pain syndrome?
What condition can occur at the knee if patellofemoral syndrome is not corrected?
What condition can occur at the knee if patellofemoral syndrome is not corrected?
What is a significant factor that contributes to thoracic outlet syndrome?
What is a significant factor that contributes to thoracic outlet syndrome?
Which area is NOT commonly associated with impingement in Thoracic Outlet Syndrome?
Which area is NOT commonly associated with impingement in Thoracic Outlet Syndrome?
What type of injuries are most likely to contribute to whiplash symptoms?
What type of injuries are most likely to contribute to whiplash symptoms?
Which of the following is NOT a typical symptom of a whiplash injury?
Which of the following is NOT a typical symptom of a whiplash injury?
What factors determine the seriousness of a whiplash injury?
What factors determine the seriousness of a whiplash injury?
Which muscles are commonly affected by whiplash?
Which muscles are commonly affected by whiplash?
Study Notes
Osteosarcoma
- Most common in young adults and adolescents
- Asymptomatic until well established
Osgood-Schlatter Disease
- Irritation and inflammation at the site of the quadriceps attachment on the tibia
- Caused by activity that stresses and stretches the quadriceps
- Most likely to develop in athletic adolescents
- Symptoms: sore, tender, hot, swollen knee
Osteoporosis
- Calcium is removed from the bones faster than it is replaced
- Asymptomatic precursor: osteopenia
- Controlled risk factors: hormone levels, Vitamin D, medications, being sedentary, diet, tobacco or alcohol use
- Uncontrolled risk factors: gender, age, body size, ethnicity, and family history
- Calcium absorption in the diet can be promoted by Vitamin D and K, and requiring an acidic environment in the stomach
- Events that promote calcium loss and reduce bone density: sweat, urination, menopause, and other underlying disorders
- Late-stage signs: spontaneous fractures, vertebral collapse, hyperkyphosis, and loss of height, acute, chronic back pain
- Common complication: fractures
Compartment Syndrome
- Acute: complication of fracture or crushing injury
- Chronic: repetitive athletic activity causing tight fascial compartments
- Medical emergency: acute compartment syndrome
Dupuytren Contracture
- Palmar fasciitis
- Triggered by: work with vibration, smoking, alcohol, and diabetes
- Description: connective tissue pouch filled with fluid at the wrist
Ganglion Cysts
- Description: CT pouches filled with fluid
- Common locations: wrist, hand, top of foot
- Presentation: connective tissue pouch filled with fluid at the wrist
Hammer Toe
- Description: foot deformity of the lateral toes, usually the 2nd toe
- Contributing factor: footwear
- Signs and symptoms: visible deformity, involuntary contraction of foot muscles, pain at friction sites, flexible tissue becomes hard over time
Hernias
- Description: hole in the abdominal wall
- Contributing factor in men: inguinal canal is a weak spot
- Most common type in men: direct inguinal hernia
- Hiatal hernia: related to overstretching of the opening for the esophagus in the diaphragm
- Signs and symptoms of inguinal hernia: sharp or mild pain, feeling of fullness, palpable bulge
- Signs and symptoms of hiatal hernia: GERD, shortness of breath
- Complication: structures will become trapped and strangulated
Morton Neuroma
- Description: CT sheath of common digital nerves becomes thickened
- Caused by: common digital nerve is compressed by a connective tissue sheath
Plantar Fasciitis
- Description: degeneration and irritation of collagen on the plantar fascia
- Contributing factors: bad footwear, overweight, change in activity levels, problems with gait/feet, tight calf muscles, complications of other conditions (gout, RA, diabetes)
- Signs and symptoms: pain, stiffness, especially in the morning
Pes Planus/Cavus
- Pes planus: flat feet
- Pes cavus: caved feet
- Common factors with pes planus: weakness in tibialis posterior tendon, HT at peroneus muscles on the lateral side
- Common factors with pes cavus: underlying diseases like muscular dystrophy and Charcot-Marie-Tooth Syndrome
- Repercussions: arthritis in feet, plantar fasciitis
- Symptoms: gait and movement compensations, lateral foot pain, callus and ankle instability with pes cavus
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
- Description: set of signs and symptoms connected to entrapment of the median nerve at the carpal tunnel
- Contributing factors: repetitive movements with the hands
- Caused by: pressure on nerve or blood flow to nerve
- Can be caused by: neck injury, herniated disc
- Multiple crush syndrome: compression and swelling along the entire length, causing pain
- Affected area: palmar surface of the first three digits, and the palm
- Signs and symptoms: tingling, pins and needles, and weakness
Disc Disease
- Description: problems with the nucleus pulposis and/or the annulus fibrosis of IV discs
- Also known as: intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD)
- Discs usually protrude: posterolaterally
- Disc injury: lifting – twisting
- Signs and symptoms: pain, limited range of motion
Bursitis
- Description: inflammation of a bursa, internal cells proliferate, generate excess fluid and cause pain and limitation
- Contributing factor: overuse, repetitive movements
- Signs and symptoms: pain on PROM and AROM, limited ROM
Shin Splints
- Description: group of lower leg problems
- Contributing factors: physical activity (e.g., running, gymnastics, dancing)
- Types: medial tibial stress syndrome, tibialis anterior/posterior injury, periostitis, stress fractures
- Most common type: medial tibial stress syndrome
- Signs and symptoms: pain (mild to severe), worse with activity, not visibly inflamed but palpation is painful
Tendinopathies
- Description: injury, damage to tendon, tenosynovial sheaths
- Most likely to develop: rotator cuff and biceps tendon
- Intrinsic factors: direct or shearing forces transferred through the tendon, over-use without recovery time, poor flexibility, underlying disease or a history of corticosteroid injection
- Extrinsic factors: training problems and injuries
- Types: tendinitis, tendinosis, tenosynovitis
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