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Questions and Answers

What is the asymptomatic precursor to osteoporosis?

Osteopenia (correct)

Osgood-Schlatter

Hyperkyphosis

Vitamin K deficiency

How can calcium absorption in the diet be promoted?

Avoiding sunlight exposure

Reducing Vitamin D intake

Increasing dairy consumption (correct)

Eating a high-fat diet

What happens with Osgood-Schlatter to cause symptoms?

Compression of the kneecap

Inflammation of the biceps tendon

Irritation at the quadriceps attachment site (correct)

Stress on the tibia

What risk factors for osteoporosis cannot be controlled?

Ethnicity Signup and view all the answers

What fractures are a common complication of osteoporosis?

Rib fractures Signup and view all the answers

What are the major signs and symptoms of Osgood-Schlatter?

Sore, tender, hot, swollen knee Signup and view all the answers

What happens in osteoporosis that leads to bone loss?

Calcium removal faster than replacement Signup and view all the answers

Who is most likely to develop Osgood-Schlatter?

'Weekend warrior' adolescents Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following activities is most likely to contribute to chronic compartment syndrome?

Repetitive athletic activity causing tight fascial compartments Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is most likely to be triggered by work with vibration, smoking, alcohol, and diabetes?

Dupuytren Contracture Signup and view all the answers

Where are ganglion cysts usually found?

Wrist, hand, top of foot Signup and view all the answers

What is the main contributing factor to hernias in men?

Inguinal canal weakness Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions results in visible deformity, involuntary contraction of foot muscles, and pain at friction sites?

Hammer Toe Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common presentation of a ganglion cyst?

CT pouches filled with fluid at the wrist Signup and view all the answers

Which type of compartment syndrome is most likely to be a medical emergency?

Acute compartment syndrome Signup and view all the answers

'Hammer Toe' is characterized by which deformity?

A foot deformity of the lateral toes, usually the 2nd toe Signup and view all the answers

What is the best description of carpal tunnel syndrome?

Entrapment of the median nerve at the carpal tunnel Signup and view all the answers

What causes the symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome in most patients?

Pressure on nerve or blood flow to nerve Signup and view all the answers

What other injury can cause carpal tunnel syndrome symptoms?

Neck injury, herniated disc Signup and view all the answers

What is another name for disc disease?

Intervertebral disc degeneration Signup and view all the answers

In what direction do discs usually protrude?

Posterolaterally Signup and view all the answers

What combination of activities is most likely to cause a disc injury?

Lifting - Twisting Signup and view all the answers

What is a herniated disc?

A bulge, protrusion, extrusion, or rupture Signup and view all the answers

What are the major signs and symptoms of a hiatal hernia?

GERD, shortness of breath Signup and view all the answers

What is a Morton neuroma?

Compression of the common digital nerve by thickened CT sheath Signup and view all the answers

What is the main cause of symptoms in Morton Neuroma?

Compression of the common digital nerve by connective tissue sheath Signup and view all the answers

What is pes planus?

Flat feet Signup and view all the answers

What are some common factors associated with pes cavus?

Underlying diseases like muscular dystrophy and Charcot-Marie-Tooth Syndrome Signup and view all the answers

What are some common repercussions of living with pes planus or pes cavus?

Arthritis in feet, plantar fasciitis Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the connective tissue on the arch of the foot with plantar fasciitis?

It breaks down and degenerates Signup and view all the answers

What are consistent contributors to plantar fasciitis?

Tight calf muscles, bad footwear choices, overweight Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason for the loss of range of motion seen with bursitis?

All are correct Signup and view all the answers

Which activity is NOT commonly associated with shin splints?

Swimming Signup and view all the answers

Where are tendinopathies most likely to develop?

Shoulder Signup and view all the answers

Which intrinsic factor does NOT contribute to the development of tendinopathies?

Regular stretching exercises Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common type of shin splints?

Medial tibial stress syndrome Signup and view all the answers

What is the main cause of pain in tendinopathies?

Tendon damage Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by a large lump on the medial side of the great toe?

Bunion Signup and view all the answers

Which neuromuscular disease is most commonly x-linked from the mother to son?

Muscular Dystrophy Signup and view all the answers

What is the hallmark symptom of early-stage muscular dystrophy in toddlers?

All are correct Signup and view all the answers

Which form of muscular dystrophy is considered the most severe?

Duchenne MD Signup and view all the answers

What are the common complications associated with muscular dystrophy?

Pain, pressure injuries, postural deviations Signup and view all the answers

Which two forms of muscular dystrophy are the most common?

Duchenne MD and Becker MD Signup and view all the answers

What is the best description of gout?

Joint inflammation related to chemical imbalances. Signup and view all the answers

Which demographic group is most at risk for developing gout?

Men 40-50 years old with high-purine diets Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical appearance of a joint affected by gout?

Hot, red, and shiny Signup and view all the answers

Which serious condition can result from untreated gout?

Kidney stones leading to renal failure Signup and view all the answers

How does hyperuricemia relate to the development of gout?

It can trigger a gout attack Signup and view all the answers

What condition is frequently confused with patellofemoral pain syndrome?

Tendinosis Signup and view all the answers

What factors commonly contribute to patellofemoral pain syndrome?

All Are Correct Signup and view all the answers

What condition can occur at the knee if patellofemoral syndrome is not corrected?

Osteoarthritis Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant factor that contributes to thoracic outlet syndrome?

Repetitive movements with arms and shoulders Signup and view all the answers

Which area is NOT commonly associated with impingement in Thoracic Outlet Syndrome?

Patella Signup and view all the answers

What type of injuries are most likely to contribute to whiplash symptoms?

Sports injuries Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a typical symptom of a whiplash injury?

Gastrointestinal issues Signup and view all the answers

What factors determine the seriousness of a whiplash injury?

Direction of impact Signup and view all the answers

Which muscles are commonly affected by whiplash?

SCM, scalenes and splenius cervicis. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Osteosarcoma

Most common in young adults and adolescents
Asymptomatic until well established

Osgood-Schlatter Disease

Irritation and inflammation at the site of the quadriceps attachment on the tibia
Caused by activity that stresses and stretches the quadriceps
Most likely to develop in athletic adolescents
Symptoms: sore, tender, hot, swollen knee

Osteoporosis

Calcium is removed from the bones faster than it is replaced
Asymptomatic precursor: osteopenia
Controlled risk factors: hormone levels, Vitamin D, medications, being sedentary, diet, tobacco or alcohol use
Uncontrolled risk factors: gender, age, body size, ethnicity, and family history
Calcium absorption in the diet can be promoted by Vitamin D and K, and requiring an acidic environment in the stomach
Events that promote calcium loss and reduce bone density: sweat, urination, menopause, and other underlying disorders
Late-stage signs: spontaneous fractures, vertebral collapse, hyperkyphosis, and loss of height, acute, chronic back pain
Common complication: fractures

Compartment Syndrome

Acute: complication of fracture or crushing injury
Chronic: repetitive athletic activity causing tight fascial compartments
Medical emergency: acute compartment syndrome

Dupuytren Contracture

Palmar fasciitis
Triggered by: work with vibration, smoking, alcohol, and diabetes
Description: connective tissue pouch filled with fluid at the wrist

Ganglion Cysts

Description: CT pouches filled with fluid
Common locations: wrist, hand, top of foot
Presentation: connective tissue pouch filled with fluid at the wrist

Hammer Toe

Description: foot deformity of the lateral toes, usually the 2nd toe
Contributing factor: footwear
Signs and symptoms: visible deformity, involuntary contraction of foot muscles, pain at friction sites, flexible tissue becomes hard over time

Hernias

Description: hole in the abdominal wall
Contributing factor in men: inguinal canal is a weak spot
Most common type in men: direct inguinal hernia
Hiatal hernia: related to overstretching of the opening for the esophagus in the diaphragm
Signs and symptoms of inguinal hernia: sharp or mild pain, feeling of fullness, palpable bulge
Signs and symptoms of hiatal hernia: GERD, shortness of breath
Complication: structures will become trapped and strangulated

Morton Neuroma

Description: CT sheath of common digital nerves becomes thickened
Caused by: common digital nerve is compressed by a connective tissue sheath

Plantar Fasciitis

Description: degeneration and irritation of collagen on the plantar fascia
Contributing factors: bad footwear, overweight, change in activity levels, problems with gait/feet, tight calf muscles, complications of other conditions (gout, RA, diabetes)
Signs and symptoms: pain, stiffness, especially in the morning

Pes Planus/Cavus

Pes planus: flat feet
Pes cavus: caved feet
Common factors with pes planus: weakness in tibialis posterior tendon, HT at peroneus muscles on the lateral side
Common factors with pes cavus: underlying diseases like muscular dystrophy and Charcot-Marie-Tooth Syndrome
Repercussions: arthritis in feet, plantar fasciitis
Symptoms: gait and movement compensations, lateral foot pain, callus and ankle instability with pes cavus

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

Description: set of signs and symptoms connected to entrapment of the median nerve at the carpal tunnel
Contributing factors: repetitive movements with the hands
Caused by: pressure on nerve or blood flow to nerve
Can be caused by: neck injury, herniated disc
Multiple crush syndrome: compression and swelling along the entire length, causing pain
Affected area: palmar surface of the first three digits, and the palm
Signs and symptoms: tingling, pins and needles, and weakness

Disc Disease

Description: problems with the nucleus pulposis and/or the annulus fibrosis of IV discs
Also known as: intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD)
Discs usually protrude: posterolaterally
Disc injury: lifting – twisting
Signs and symptoms: pain, limited range of motion

Bursitis

Description: inflammation of a bursa, internal cells proliferate, generate excess fluid and cause pain and limitation
Contributing factor: overuse, repetitive movements
Signs and symptoms: pain on PROM and AROM, limited ROM

Shin Splints

Description: group of lower leg problems
Contributing factors: physical activity (e.g., running, gymnastics, dancing)
Types: medial tibial stress syndrome, tibialis anterior/posterior injury, periostitis, stress fractures
Most common type: medial tibial stress syndrome
Signs and symptoms: pain (mild to severe), worse with activity, not visibly inflamed but palpation is painful

Tendinopathies

Description: injury, damage to tendon, tenosynovial sheaths
Most likely to develop: rotator cuff and biceps tendon
Intrinsic factors: direct or shearing forces transferred through the tendon, over-use without recovery time, poor flexibility, underlying disease or a history of corticosteroid injection
Extrinsic factors: training problems and injuries
Types: tendinitis, tendinosis, tenosynovitis

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