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Hematopoiesis and Anemia Overview
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Hematopoiesis and Anemia Overview

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary distinguishing feature of an orthchromatic normoblast?

  • Its cytoplasm is orange/reddish with dense ink blot nuclei. (correct)
  • It has no nucleus.
  • It has a mixture of red and blue color.
  • It has a large nucleus with nucleoli.

    • What characterizes a mature red cell or erythrocyte?

  • It no longer has a nucleus. (correct)
  • It is the first cell to appear in peripheral blood.
  • It still contains a nucleus.
  • Its cytoplasm is primarily blue.

    • What is the primary concern in anemia?

  • Reduction of red cell mass and its oxygen transport capacity. (correct)
  • Increase in the total blood volume.
  • Increase in other blood components.
  • Increase in hemoglobin content.

    • Which of the following is NOT a symptom of anemia?

    <p>Increased heart rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is skin examination considered subjective when evaluating pallor?

    <p>Skin tone varies according to race, affecting its interpretation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common manifestation attributed to decreased oxygen supply in anemia?

    <p>Easy fatigability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which finding is considered the most consistent indicator of anemia?

    <p>Pallor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Anemia is defined as a reduction in which of the following?

    <p>Total circulating red cell mass.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What color mixture characterizes the early stages of certain red blood cells?

    <p>Red and blue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom can also be seen in conditions unrelated to anemia?

    <p>All listed symptoms can appear in other diseases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens once the liver takes over hematopoiesis?

    <p>These are lost in the system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cell develops into macrophages?

    <p>Monocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cytokine is involved in the production of myelocytes?

    <p>IL-6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does Erythropoietin (EPO) play in hematopoiesis?

    <p>Stimulating erythrocyte production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are pluripotent stem cells controlled by?

    <p>Stem Cell Factor (SCF) and IL-6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Basophils develop into which type of cell?

    <p>Mast cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are directly stimulated by cytokine IL-3 during hematopoiesis?

    <p>Myeloid stem cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following represents cells that are lost in the hematopoietic system?

    <p>Intravascular space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the developmental outcome of B-lymphocytes in the system?

    <p>Transform into plasma cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stimulating control is primarily involved in myelocyte production?

    <p>Cytokine IL-3 and IL-6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stimulates the kidney to produce EPO after an injury?

    <p>Decreased oxygen levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the time frame for reticulocyte production after stimulation by EPO?

    <p>3-5 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition can lead to hypochromic/microcytic anemia due to chronic blood loss?

    <p>Iron deficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism occurs during intravascular hemolysis?

    <p>Hemoglobin is released into the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a result of increased hemoglobin catabolism?

    <p>Elevated iron storage in tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What often causes hidden or occult blood loss in elderly patients?

    <p>Malignancies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) determine?

    <p>Size of red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC) is used to assess which aspect of red blood cells?

    <p>Concentration of hemoglobin in red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is characterized by a deficiency in iron in hemoglobin?

    <p>Iron deficiency anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of anemia results from a failure to incorporate iron into hemoglobin?

    <p>Sideroblastic Anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the case of thalassemia, what type of defect is present?

    <p>Abnormal globin production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does increased Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) and Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH) alongside normal MCHC usually indicate?

    <p>Hyperchromic, macrocytic anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily influences the manifestations of anemia?

    <p>Cause of the anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is attributed to a failure to release iron from stores?

    <p>Anemia of chronic disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH) correlate with?

    <p>Hemoglobin content in red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of MCV and MCHC in identifying RBC morphology?

    <p>They are significant in identifying disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age does the contribution from femur or long bones in hematopoietic activity become minimal or absent?

    <p>40 to 50 years old</p> Signup and view all the answers

    From what bones are samples for bone marrow aspirates primarily obtained?

    <p>Pelvic bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition can lead to the development of hematopoietic activity in long bones and the skull?

    <p>Anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor influences the recruitment of more bones for hematopoiesis?

    <p>Severity of anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the marrow remains active in adults?

    <p>50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the abbreviation for Mean Corpuscular Volume?

    <p>MCV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of hemolytic anemia?

    <p>Thalassemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the abbreviation 'Hb' stand for?

    <p>Hemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition involves disseminated intravascular coagulation?

    <p>Systemic Lupus Erythematosus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Hematopoiesis

    • Bone marrow aspirates are obtained from the pelvic bones as it is the bone that has the most hematopoietic activity throughout a patient’s lifetime
    • Long bones and skull can develop hematopoietic activity in anemia
    • More bones are recruited for hematopoiesis, the more severe the anemia is
    • The liver takes over hematopoiesis at around 40-50 years old
    • Monocytes become macrophages, basophils become mast cells and B-lymphocytes become plasma cells in the extravascular space
    • Stem cell factor (SCF) and cytokines IL-3 and IL-6 stimulate hematopoiesis

    Anemia

    • Anemia is a reduction of the total circulating red blood cell mass to below normal limits, resulting in decreased oxygen transport
    • Symptoms include weakness, fatigue, dyspnea, headache, dizziness
    • Pallor is the most consistent finding of anemia
    • Pallor is best seen on the conjunctiva, floor of the mouth and palms of the hands
    • Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) determines size
    • Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) determines color
    • Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) correlates with MCHC and MCV

    Hyperchromic, Macrocytic Anemia

    • Increased MCV, MCH, and normal MCHC
    • Defect in DNA synthesis

    Hypochromic, Microcytic Anemia

    • Decreased MCV and MCHC (pale cells)
    • Causes include iron deficiency anemia, anemia of chronic disease, and sideroblastic anemia
    • Iron deficiency anemia is a deficiency in iron in hemoglobin
    • Anemia of chronic disease occurs due to failure to release iron from stores and failure to absorb iron from the gut
    • Sideroblastic anemia is failure to incorporate iron in hemoglobin
    • Thalassemia is a deficiency or absence of globin

    Response to Injury

    • Decreased oxygen levels post-injury stimulates the kidney to produce erythropoietin (EPO)
    • EPO stimulates BFU-E (burst-forming unit-erythroid) to produce reticulocytes
    • Erythrogenesis occurs 3-5 days following injury
    • Leukocytosis (increased white blood cell count), thrombocytosis (increased platelet count), and reticulocytosis (increased reticulocyte count) occur following injury

    Chronic Blood Loss

    • Chronic blood loss can lead to iron deficiency anemia
    • Iron deficiency anemia is caused by occult or undetected blood loss that leads to loss of iron that isn't replaced despite chronic loses

    Hemolysis

    • Hemolysis is the increased rate of destruction of red blood cells
    • Hemolysis can be either intravascular or extravascular
    • Intravascular hemolysis occurs within the blood vessel
    • Extravascular hemolysis occurs outside of the blood vessel

    Intravascular Hemolysis

    • Hb is released from the blood
    • Hb attaches to haptoglobin for transport to the reticuloendothelial system (RES)
    • Hb is finally degraded

    Hyperchromic, Macrocytic Anemia

    • Elevated lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is caused by an increase in hemoglobin catabolism, which increases iron release and storage, resulting in hemosiderosis (iron overload)
    • LDH is an abundant enzyme in red cells
    • LDH elevates in serum once red cells lyse, this causes an accumulation of the products of Hb catabolism

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    Description

    This quiz covers key concepts of hematopoiesis and anemia. It discusses the role of bone marrow, the transition of hematopoiesis to the liver, and the symptoms and implications of anemia. Test your knowledge on these critical aspects of hematology and their effects on the body.

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