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Questions and Answers
Which blood collection tube is used for routine testing?
Which blood collection tube is used for routine testing?
What is NOT a composition of human blood?
What is NOT a composition of human blood?
Which tube is used for coagulative function detection?
Which tube is used for coagulative function detection?
What does plasma primarily consist of?
What does plasma primarily consist of?
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Which tube is specifically designed for blood glucose testing?
Which tube is specifically designed for blood glucose testing?
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What does a complete blood count typically measure?
What does a complete blood count typically measure?
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Which machine was first utilized for white blood cell counting?
Which machine was first utilized for white blood cell counting?
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Which of the following describes the function of the BackER-8000?
Which of the following describes the function of the BackER-8000?
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What type of analysis does the hematological analysis pipeline generally support?
What type of analysis does the hematological analysis pipeline generally support?
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Which components are analyzed in a typical hematological test?
Which components are analyzed in a typical hematological test?
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What is the average size of a normal erythrocyte?
What is the average size of a normal erythrocyte?
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What is the reference interval for adult male red blood cell count?
What is the reference interval for adult male red blood cell count?
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Which of the following parameters is NOT a physiological role of erythrocytes?
Which of the following parameters is NOT a physiological role of erythrocytes?
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What is the normal hemoglobin range for adult females?
What is the normal hemoglobin range for adult females?
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Newborns typically have hemoglobin levels in which range?
Newborns typically have hemoglobin levels in which range?
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What can physiological increases in RBC or Hb be associated with?
What can physiological increases in RBC or Hb be associated with?
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What is the factor leading to a normal RBC count plateau in residents?
What is the factor leading to a normal RBC count plateau in residents?
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Which of the following is a typical reference interval for children’s hemoglobin levels?
Which of the following is a typical reference interval for children’s hemoglobin levels?
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What is the main abnormal hematological parameter regarding RBC size in the provided examination?
What is the main abnormal hematological parameter regarding RBC size in the provided examination?
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Which parameter indicates the average hemoglobin content in the erythrocytes?
Which parameter indicates the average hemoglobin content in the erythrocytes?
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What kind of red blood cell shape abnormality is associated with hereditary stomatocytosis?
What kind of red blood cell shape abnormality is associated with hereditary stomatocytosis?
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Which type of anemia is characterized by microcytes?
Which type of anemia is characterized by microcytes?
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Which of the following parameters indicates the concentration of hemoglobin in a given volume of packed red cells?
Which of the following parameters indicates the concentration of hemoglobin in a given volume of packed red cells?
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The normal range for mean red blood cell volume (MCV) is what?
The normal range for mean red blood cell volume (MCV) is what?
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Which condition is indicated by the presence of target red blood cells?
Which condition is indicated by the presence of target red blood cells?
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What does a low MCHC value typically suggest about the red blood cell condition?
What does a low MCHC value typically suggest about the red blood cell condition?
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Which condition is associated with hypochromic RBCs?
Which condition is associated with hypochromic RBCs?
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What abnormal structural feature is associated with severe anemia?
What abnormal structural feature is associated with severe anemia?
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In which condition are polychromatic RBCs commonly found?
In which condition are polychromatic RBCs commonly found?
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A patient with a mean corpuscular volume of 115.3 fL is most likely suffering from which type of anemia?
A patient with a mean corpuscular volume of 115.3 fL is most likely suffering from which type of anemia?
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What is the most likely interpretation of high ferritin levels in the context of anemia?
What is the most likely interpretation of high ferritin levels in the context of anemia?
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What could a reticulocyte count of 62.3×10^9/L indicate in a patient?
What could a reticulocyte count of 62.3×10^9/L indicate in a patient?
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What is a characteristic of polycythemia vera?
What is a characteristic of polycythemia vera?
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What is the likely cause of basophilic stippling in RBCs?
What is the likely cause of basophilic stippling in RBCs?
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Which condition could lead to a relative increase in erythrocytes?
Which condition could lead to a relative increase in erythrocytes?
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Which parameter is decreased in the case of the presented female patient?
Which parameter is decreased in the case of the presented female patient?
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What type of anemia results from decreased production of red blood cells?
What type of anemia results from decreased production of red blood cells?
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What causes increased destruction of erythrocytes?
What causes increased destruction of erythrocytes?
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Which disease condition is NOT associated with secondary erythrocytosis?
Which disease condition is NOT associated with secondary erythrocytosis?
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What are common symptoms of anemia in children?
What are common symptoms of anemia in children?
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Which anemia is associated with vitamin deficiencies?
Which anemia is associated with vitamin deficiencies?
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In a pediatric patient, what factor might indicate anemia?
In a pediatric patient, what factor might indicate anemia?
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Study Notes
Chapter 2: Clinical Hematological Tests
- This chapter focuses on clinical hematological tests.
- A clinical hematological test is used to diagnose diseases and conditions by evaluating red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), and platelets (PLTs).
- The composition of human blood includes plasma and cells (erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes).
- A blood collection tube is used containing an anticoagulant or no anticoagulant, which is used for testing different parts of blood, like serum, Coagulative function detection, blood glucose testing, routine testing, and emergency plasma Biochemical testing.
- The objective of the tests includes mastering the tests for RBC count, hemoglobin measurement, WBC count, differential WBC count, and differential leukocyte count. Remembering reference values and clinical implications is crucial.
- Anemia classifications are based on the morphology of red blood cells.
- Reticulocyte count and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) methods and their reference values must be understood.
- The presentation includes historical context, diagrams of blood components, historical instruments and developments, different types of analyzers, and a flow chart of the hematological analysis pipeline.
Evaluation of Treatment Efficiency of Diseases
- Reticulocyte (Ret) count is used to evaluate bone marrow function and the effect of anemia treatment.
- Increased Ret count indicates strong hematopoietic function in cases of hyperplastic anemia and hemolytic anemia.
- Decreased Ret count is seen in aplastic anemia.
Hemoglobin Reference for Normal Population
- Newborn: 170-200 g/L
- Anencephaly environment of uterus
- Adult male: 120-160 g/L
- Adult female: 110-150 g/L
- Children: 120–140 g/L
- Infant: 110-120 g/L
Physiological Increase of RBC or Hb
- Newborn
- Hormone
- Cigarette smoking
- Sports
- Plateau residents
Physiological Decrease of RBC or Hb
- Insufficient nutrients for growth and development
- Depression of blood-forming organs
- Plasma volume increased
Pathological Increase in Erythrocytes
- Hemoconcentration, such as vomiting, diarrhea, sweating, diabetes, insipidus, burns
- Polycythemia Vera: A myeloproliferative disease characterized by increased erythrocytes, WBCs, PLTs, and total blood volume.
- Secondary erythrocytosis: Conditions related to heart, lung (COPD, pulmonary heart disease), cancer (renal cancer, hepatocarcinoma, ovarian cancer), or kidney diseases (hydronephrosis, polycystic kidney).
Pathological Decrease in Erythrocytes
- Results from different kinds of anemia (aplastic, iron deficiency, megaloblastic).
- Hemolysis diseases of newborns
- Acute or chronic blood loss
Morphological Abnormalities of Erythrocytes
- Abnormal size: Microcytic (iron deficiency), Macrocytic
- Abnormal shape: Spherocyte (hereditary spherocytosis), Elliptocyte (hereditary elliptocytosis), Stomatocyte (hereditary stomatocytosis)
- Abnormal staining reaction: Hypochromic (iron deficiency anemia, Thalassemia, sideroblastic anemia), Hyperchromic (megaloblastic anemia), Polychromatic (basophilic substance in RBC, hemolytic anemia)
Abnormal structure
- Basophilic stippling (megaloblastic anemia, lead poisoning, myelofibrosis)
- Howell-Jolly bodies (hemolytic anemia, megaloblastic anemia)
- Cabot rings (severe anemia, hemolytic anemia, megaloblastic anemia, plumbism)
- Nucleated erythrocytes (hemolytic anemia, leukemia, myelofibrosis)
1.7 Reticulocyte (Ret) Measurement
- Reticulocytes are immature red blood cells.
- Reference interval: 0.5%–1.5%.
- Staining with bright blue stains ribosomes and RNA that are present in immature red blood cells.
- High fluorescent reticulocytes (HFR), moderate fluorescent reticulocytes (MFR), low fluorescent reticulocytes (LFR)
- Clinical Significance of Ret:
- Increased Ret count indicates strong hematopoietic function (hyperplastic anemia and hemolytic anemia).
- Decreased Ret count is common in aplastic anemia.
1.8 Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)
- The rate of erythrocyte sedimentation.
- Influencing factors include plasma protein ratios (increased globulin, fibrinogen, decreased albumin), and red blood cell count/shape (increased count, spheroid, sickle red blood cells).
- Reference intervals vary by age group (children, young adults, older adults).
- Increased ESR is often associated with inflammation or cancer.
- Decreased ESR has little clinical significance.
2. Leukocyte Measurement
- Leukocytes are white blood cells (WBCs), vital for immune function.
- Includes aspects of WBC (leukocytes) count, differential leukocyte count (DLC).
- Reference intervals exist for WBC counts in adults and newborns, along with specific cell types (Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils, Lymphocytes, and Monocytes)
- Physiological alterations can affect WBC counts within a 30% range, which isn't clinically significant.
2. Leukocyte Measurement: Pathological Alterations
- Increase: Infections (pyogenic coccus), severe tissue damage (trauma, surgery, burns), acute blood loss, acute myeloid leukemia or lymphoma, chemotherapy, and certain cancers.
2. Leukocyte Measurement: Pathological Decrease
- Infections (bacterial, viral, parasitic), hematopoietic system diseases, physical/chemical damage (radiation, toxins), and autoimmune diseases.
3. Thrombocyte Measurement
- Platelet count (PLT) measurement.
- Reference interval: 100-300 ×109/L
- Physiological role: essential for blood coagulation.
- Pathological decrease: disorders of platelet production (aplastic anemia, acute leukemia, megaloblastic anemia), increased platelet destruction, abnormal platelet distribution.
- Pathological increase: primary myeloproliferative disorders (polycythemia vera, thrombocythemia), acute infection, acute hemorrhage, cancers.
4. Exercises
- Case studies demonstrating application of hematological findings.
- Includes diagnosing and examining patient cases with abnormal hematological parameters.
- Questions address important tests, diagnoses, and most likely diagnoses.
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Description
Test your knowledge on hematology and blood testing! This quiz covers topics such as blood collection tubes, components of human blood, and various blood-related parameters. Challenge your understanding of routine blood tests and their analysis.
