Hematology Basics Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which blood collection tube is used for routine testing?

  • Green tube
  • Gray tube
  • Black tube
  • Purple tube (correct)

What is NOT a composition of human blood?

  • Enzymes
  • Hair follicles (correct)
  • Mineral salts
  • Erythrocytes

Which tube is used for coagulative function detection?

  • Red tube
  • Black tube (correct)
  • Reddish orange tube
  • Green tube

What does plasma primarily consist of?

<p>Proteins and enzymes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which tube is specifically designed for blood glucose testing?

<p>Gray tube (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a complete blood count typically measure?

<p>Red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which machine was first utilized for white blood cell counting?

<p>EEL blood cell counter (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the function of the BackER-8000?

<p>It provides leukocyte classification and analyzes eight parameters (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of analysis does the hematological analysis pipeline generally support?

<p>Approximately 300 samples/hour (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which components are analyzed in a typical hematological test?

<p>Erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the average size of a normal erythrocyte?

<p>7.5 uM (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the reference interval for adult male red blood cell count?

<p>(4.0~5.5)×10^12/L (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following parameters is NOT a physiological role of erythrocytes?

<p>Regulating blood pressure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal hemoglobin range for adult females?

<p>110-150 g/L (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Newborns typically have hemoglobin levels in which range?

<p>170-200 g/L (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can physiological increases in RBC or Hb be associated with?

<p>Consistent exercise (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the factor leading to a normal RBC count plateau in residents?

<p>High altitude adaptations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a typical reference interval for children’s hemoglobin levels?

<p>120–140 g/L (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main abnormal hematological parameter regarding RBC size in the provided examination?

<p>Microcytosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which parameter indicates the average hemoglobin content in the erythrocytes?

<p>MCH (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of red blood cell shape abnormality is associated with hereditary stomatocytosis?

<p>Stomatocyte (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of anemia is characterized by microcytes?

<p>Iron deficiency anemia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following parameters indicates the concentration of hemoglobin in a given volume of packed red cells?

<p>MCHC (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The normal range for mean red blood cell volume (MCV) is what?

<p>82-98 fL (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is indicated by the presence of target red blood cells?

<p>Thalassemia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a low MCHC value typically suggest about the red blood cell condition?

<p>Iron deficiency anemia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is associated with hypochromic RBCs?

<p>Iron deficiency anemia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What abnormal structural feature is associated with severe anemia?

<p>Nucleated erythrocyte (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which condition are polychromatic RBCs commonly found?

<p>Megaloblastic anemia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient with a mean corpuscular volume of 115.3 fL is most likely suffering from which type of anemia?

<p>Megaloblastic anemia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most likely interpretation of high ferritin levels in the context of anemia?

<p>Acute inflammation or chronic disease (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What could a reticulocyte count of 62.3×10^9/L indicate in a patient?

<p>Increased erythropoietic activity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of polycythemia vera?

<p>Increase in erythrocytes and total blood volume (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the likely cause of basophilic stippling in RBCs?

<p>Plumbism (lead poisoning) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition could lead to a relative increase in erythrocytes?

<p>Excessive sweating (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which parameter is decreased in the case of the presented female patient?

<p>Platelet count (A), White blood cell count (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of anemia results from decreased production of red blood cells?

<p>Aplastic anemia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes increased destruction of erythrocytes?

<p>Hemolysis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which disease condition is NOT associated with secondary erythrocytosis?

<p>Polycythemia vera (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are common symptoms of anemia in children?

<p>Pale skin and fatigue (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which anemia is associated with vitamin deficiencies?

<p>Megaloblastic anemia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a pediatric patient, what factor might indicate anemia?

<p>Poor mental state and concentration difficulties (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Components of Human Blood

Human blood is composed of erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells), thrombocytes (platelets), and plasma.

Blood Collection Tubes

Different blood collection tubes contain different anticoagulants, used for various blood tests.

Blood Collection Site

Common procedure: Blood is most often drawn from the median cubital vein.

Plasma Composition

Plasma, the liquid part of blood, contains proteins, enzymes, blood clotting factors, minerals, hormones, vitamins, and other substances.

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Hematological Tests

Hematological tests are used to measure and evaluate components of blood, like cells and plasma contents.

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Red Blood Cell Count

A measure of the number of red blood cells in a sample of blood. It helps assess oxygen-carrying capacity and potential anemia.

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White Blood Cell Count

A measure of the number of white blood cells in a sample of blood. It helps diagnose infections and assess immune function.

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Platelet Count

A measure of the number of platelets in a sample of blood. It helps assess blood clotting ability.

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Red Blood Cell Morphology

The study of the size, shape, and appearance of red blood cells. It helps identify abnormalities that can indicate various diseases.

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White Blood Cell Morphology

The study of the size, shape, and appearance of white blood cells. It helps diagnose different types of infections and blood disorders.

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Erythrocyte measurement

The process of assessing the number and characteristics of red blood cells (RBCs) in the blood.

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Pathological decrease of RBCs

A reduction in the number of red blood cells due to disease or medical condition.

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Types of anemia

Different types of anemia exist based on the cause of the decrease in red blood cells, like iron deficiency, aplastic anemia, megaloblastic anemia, hemolysis, and blood loss.

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Aplastic anemia

A type of anemia where the bone marrow doesn't produce enough red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

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Iron deficiency anemia

Anemia caused by a lack of iron in the body, essential for the production of red blood cells.

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Megaloblastic anemia

Anemia characterized by large, immature red blood cells due to a deficiency in vitamin B12 or folate.

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Hemolysis

The breakdown of red blood cells, often due to abnormal proteins or membrane defects.

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Pathological increase of RBCs

An abnormal increase in the number of red blood cells, which can be relative (due to hemoconcentration) or absolute (due to increased production).

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What does MCV measure?

The mean corpuscular volume (MCV) measures the average volume of red blood cells (RBCs).

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What does MCH measure?

The mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) measures the average weight of hemoglobin in each RBC.

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What does MCHC measure?

The mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) measures the average concentration of hemoglobin in each RBC.

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Microcyte

A red blood cell (RBC) that is smaller than normal.

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Macrocyte

A red blood cell (RBC) that is larger than normal.

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Megalocyte

A red blood cell (RBC) that is significantly larger than normal.

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Spherocyte

A red blood cell (RBC) that has a spherical shape, unlike the usual biconcave disc.

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Elliptocyte

A red blood cell (RBC) that has an elliptical (oval) shape, instead of the typical disc shape.

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Erythrocyte Size

The normal size of an erythrocyte (red blood cell) is between 6-9 micrometers (µm), with an average of 7.5 µm.

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Erythrocyte Shape

Erythrocytes are biconcave discs, meaning they are flattened and have a depressed center. The edge of the disc appears orange, while the center is a lighter tint.

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What is the function of erythrocytes?

Erythrocytes are responsible for carrying oxygen to the body tissues and transporting carbon dioxide back to the lungs for exhalation.

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Wrights-Giemsa Staining

A specific staining technique used to visualize blood cells under a microscope.

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Normal Erythrocyte Count

The reference range for a normal erythrocyte count varies based on age and gender. For adult males, it's (4.05.5)×10¹²/L, adult females (3.55.0)×10¹²/L, and newborns (6.0~7.0)×10¹²/L.

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What is hemoglobin?

A protein within red blood cells that binds to oxygen and delivers it to the tissues.

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What is the role of iron in hemoglobin?

Iron is crucial for hemoglobin function, as it binds to oxygen molecules.

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Erythrocyte and Acid-Base Balance

Erythrocytes play a role in maintaining acid-base balance in the blood by carrying carbon dioxide, which is a weak acid.

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Hypochromic RBC

Red blood cells that appear paler than normal due to a reduced amount of hemoglobin. This can be caused by iron deficiency anemia, thalassemia, or sideroblastic anemia.

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Hyperchromic RBC

Red blood cells that appear darker than normal due to an increased amount of hemoglobin. This is often seen in megaloblastic anemia.

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Polychromatic RBC

Red blood cells that appear blue-gray under a microscope due to the presence of basophilic substance in the cytoplasm. This can occur during hemolytic anemia or after a bone marrow response to anemia.

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Howell-Jolly body

Small, round, dark-staining inclusions within red blood cells. These are remnants of nuclear material left behind during maturation. They can be seen in hemolytic anemia, megaloblastic anemia, and splenectomy.

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Cabot ring

A thin, ring-like structure within red blood cells. This is a remnant of the mitotic spindle, which is involved in cell division. They can be seen in severe anemia, hemolytic anemia, and megaloblastic anemia.

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Nucleated erythrocyte

A red blood cell that still has a nucleus. This is typically seen in bone marrow but can be found in the peripheral blood in situations like hemolytic anemia, leukemia, myelofibrosis, or megaloblastic anemia.

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Mean corpuscular volume (MCV)

The average volume of a red blood cell. It helps classify anemia into microcytic (small), normocytic (normal), or macrocytic (large).

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Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH)

The average amount of hemoglobin in a single red blood cell. It helps assess the concentration of hemoglobin in each red blood cell.

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Study Notes

Chapter 2: Clinical Hematological Tests

  • This chapter focuses on clinical hematological tests.
  • A clinical hematological test is used to diagnose diseases and conditions by evaluating red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), and platelets (PLTs).
  • The composition of human blood includes plasma and cells (erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes).
  • A blood collection tube is used containing an anticoagulant or no anticoagulant, which is used for testing different parts of blood, like serum, Coagulative function detection, blood glucose testing, routine testing, and emergency plasma Biochemical testing.
  • The objective of the tests includes mastering the tests for RBC count, hemoglobin measurement, WBC count, differential WBC count, and differential leukocyte count. Remembering reference values and clinical implications is crucial.
  • Anemia classifications are based on the morphology of red blood cells.
  • Reticulocyte count and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) methods and their reference values must be understood.
  • The presentation includes historical context, diagrams of blood components, historical instruments and developments, different types of analyzers, and a flow chart of the hematological analysis pipeline.

Evaluation of Treatment Efficiency of Diseases

  • Reticulocyte (Ret) count is used to evaluate bone marrow function and the effect of anemia treatment.
  • Increased Ret count indicates strong hematopoietic function in cases of hyperplastic anemia and hemolytic anemia.
  • Decreased Ret count is seen in aplastic anemia.

Hemoglobin Reference for Normal Population

  • Newborn: 170-200 g/L
  • Anencephaly environment of uterus
  • Adult male: 120-160 g/L
  • Adult female: 110-150 g/L
  • Children: 120–140 g/L
  • Infant: 110-120 g/L

Physiological Increase of RBC or Hb

  • Newborn
  • Hormone
  • Cigarette smoking
  • Sports
  • Plateau residents

Physiological Decrease of RBC or Hb

  • Insufficient nutrients for growth and development
  • Depression of blood-forming organs
  • Plasma volume increased

Pathological Increase in Erythrocytes

  • Hemoconcentration, such as vomiting, diarrhea, sweating, diabetes, insipidus, burns
  • Polycythemia Vera: A myeloproliferative disease characterized by increased erythrocytes, WBCs, PLTs, and total blood volume.
  • Secondary erythrocytosis: Conditions related to heart, lung (COPD, pulmonary heart disease), cancer (renal cancer, hepatocarcinoma, ovarian cancer), or kidney diseases (hydronephrosis, polycystic kidney).

Pathological Decrease in Erythrocytes

  • Results from different kinds of anemia (aplastic, iron deficiency, megaloblastic).
  • Hemolysis diseases of newborns
  • Acute or chronic blood loss

Morphological Abnormalities of Erythrocytes

  • Abnormal size: Microcytic (iron deficiency), Macrocytic
  • Abnormal shape: Spherocyte (hereditary spherocytosis), Elliptocyte (hereditary elliptocytosis), Stomatocyte (hereditary stomatocytosis)
  • Abnormal staining reaction: Hypochromic (iron deficiency anemia, Thalassemia, sideroblastic anemia), Hyperchromic (megaloblastic anemia), Polychromatic (basophilic substance in RBC, hemolytic anemia)

Abnormal structure

  • Basophilic stippling (megaloblastic anemia, lead poisoning, myelofibrosis)
  • Howell-Jolly bodies (hemolytic anemia, megaloblastic anemia)
  • Cabot rings (severe anemia, hemolytic anemia, megaloblastic anemia, plumbism)
  • Nucleated erythrocytes (hemolytic anemia, leukemia, myelofibrosis)

1.7 Reticulocyte (Ret) Measurement

  • Reticulocytes are immature red blood cells.
  • Reference interval: 0.5%–1.5%.
  • Staining with bright blue stains ribosomes and RNA that are present in immature red blood cells.
  • High fluorescent reticulocytes (HFR), moderate fluorescent reticulocytes (MFR), low fluorescent reticulocytes (LFR)
  • Clinical Significance of Ret:
    • Increased Ret count indicates strong hematopoietic function (hyperplastic anemia and hemolytic anemia).
    • Decreased Ret count is common in aplastic anemia.

1.8 Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)

  • The rate of erythrocyte sedimentation.
  • Influencing factors include plasma protein ratios (increased globulin, fibrinogen, decreased albumin), and red blood cell count/shape (increased count, spheroid, sickle red blood cells).
  • Reference intervals vary by age group (children, young adults, older adults).
  • Increased ESR is often associated with inflammation or cancer.
  • Decreased ESR has little clinical significance.

2. Leukocyte Measurement

  • Leukocytes are white blood cells (WBCs), vital for immune function.
  • Includes aspects of WBC (leukocytes) count, differential leukocyte count (DLC).
  • Reference intervals exist for WBC counts in adults and newborns, along with specific cell types (Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils, Lymphocytes, and Monocytes)
  • Physiological alterations can affect WBC counts within a 30% range, which isn't clinically significant.

2. Leukocyte Measurement: Pathological Alterations

  • Increase: Infections (pyogenic coccus), severe tissue damage (trauma, surgery, burns), acute blood loss, acute myeloid leukemia or lymphoma, chemotherapy, and certain cancers.

2. Leukocyte Measurement: Pathological Decrease

  • Infections (bacterial, viral, parasitic), hematopoietic system diseases, physical/chemical damage (radiation, toxins), and autoimmune diseases.

3. Thrombocyte Measurement

  • Platelet count (PLT) measurement.
  • Reference interval: 100-300 ×109/L
  • Physiological role: essential for blood coagulation.
  • Pathological decrease: disorders of platelet production (aplastic anemia, acute leukemia, megaloblastic anemia), increased platelet destruction, abnormal platelet distribution.
  • Pathological increase: primary myeloproliferative disorders (polycythemia vera, thrombocythemia), acute infection, acute hemorrhage, cancers.

4. Exercises

  • Case studies demonstrating application of hematological findings.
  • Includes diagnosing and examining patient cases with abnormal hematological parameters.
  • Questions address important tests, diagnoses, and most likely diagnoses.

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Test your knowledge on hematology and blood testing! This quiz covers topics such as blood collection tubes, components of human blood, and various blood-related parameters. Challenge your understanding of routine blood tests and their analysis.

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