Questions and Answers
What type of cells do plasma cells originate from?
What distinguishes the secondary response carried out by memory cells from the primary response?
What is the primary function of opsonization?
How many heavy chains are found in the structure of an antibody?
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What are the two sections located at the ends of the Y's arms of an antibody called?
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Which immunoglobulin is the first class produced in a primary response to an antigen?
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What is the primary role of IgG in the immune response?
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Which immunoglobulin binds to mast cells and basophils?
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Which immunoglobulin is most abundant in external secretions like saliva and tears?
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What role does IgA play in relation to infants?
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What is the primary function of the immune system?
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Which types of immunity are identified in the immune system?
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What role do lymphoid organs play in the immune system?
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What component allows immune cells to move outside the blood and lymphatic system?
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What is the significance of immune surveillance?
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Where are lymphocytes primarily generated?
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What do the primary lymphoid organs include?
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What kind of protection does immunity provide the body?
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Which type of immunity is primarily mediated by T lymphocytes?
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What is the primary function of the innate immune system?
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What role do CD4+ T cells play in the immune system?
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Which component is NOT part of the innate immune system?
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Which of the following is NOT a type of B lymphocyte?
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Which action is a primary role of the complement system?
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Where do T lymphocytes develop and mature?
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What distinguishes self from non-self in the innate immune system?
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What is the main function of plasma cells in the immune response?
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Which T cells are primarily responsible for directly killing infected cells?
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Which of the following statements about innate immunity is false?
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What role do C5a and C3a play in the immune response?
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What percentage of lymphocytes do T lymphocytes constitute?
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Which immune response involves cooperation between B cells and T cells?
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What is an immediate response of the innate immune system?
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Which feature is characteristic of innate immunity?
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Study Notes
Immunology Overview
- Immunology studies the components and function of the immune system, essential for defending against foreign pathogens, microbial toxins, and tumor cells.
- The immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, organs, and soluble factors that provide both non-specific and specific defenses.
Structure of the Immune System
- Immune system organs are distributed throughout the body, facilitating the recognition and destruction of foreign substances.
- The reticulo-endothelial system (RES) allows immune cells to move outside the blood and lymphatic systems.
- Key systems involved include the extracellular fluid system, the blood circulatory system, and the lymphatic system, which houses lymphoid organs.
Lymphoid Organs
- Primary lymphoid organs, such as bone marrow and thymus, are sites for lymphocyte development and maturation.
- Secondary lymphoid organs (spleen, lymph nodes) initiate adaptive immune responses and facilitate lymphocyte proliferation.
Functions of the Immune System
- Defends against invading pathogens, removes damaged tissues, and identifies and destroys abnormal cells, crucial for cancer prevention.
Types of Immunity
- Immunity encompasses innate (non-specific) and acquired immunity (specific).
- Innate immunity provides immediate defense against pathogens through epithelial barriers, phagocytes, and complement proteins.
Innate Immunity
- Acts as the first defense line; components include immediate microbial combat, instructing the adaptive immune system, clearing dead tissue, and initiating repair processes.
- It distinguishes self from non-self without generating immunogenic memory.
Complement System
- A collection of proteins playing a central role in innate immunity, consisting of three activation pathways.
- Functions include opsonization, inflammation (via C3a and C5a), and cell lysis through membrane attack complexes.
Adaptive Immunity
- Develops targeted resistance against specific foreign substances such as bacteria and viruses and involves lymphocytes.
- Composed of cellular immunity (T cells) and humoral immunity (B cells and antibodies).
Lymphocyte Development
- Lymphocytes develop in the bone marrow and are categorized into T and B lymphocytes.
- T lymphocytes (80% of lymphocytes) mature in the thymus; key types include CD4+ (helper) and CD8+ (cytotoxic) cells.
- B lymphocytes (20% of lymphocytes) are responsible for antibody production and are activated in the bone marrow.
Functions of T Cells
- CD8+ T cells are cytotoxic, while CD4+ T cells assist in the activation and proliferation of other immune cells.
- Cellular immunity is vital for organ graft rejection, anti-tumor responses, and collaboration with B cells in humoral immunity.
B Cells and Humoral Immunity
- B cells, constituting 20% of lymphocytes, produce antibodies (immunoglobulins) through plasma cells derived from activated B cells.
- Memory cells enhance response speed and antibody affinity upon re-exposure to antigens.
Antibody Functions
- Antibodies are proteins produced by B cells that enhance phagocytosis (opsonization), block pathogen adhesion (neutralization), activate the complement system, and increase inflammation.
Antibody Structure
- Composed of two heavy chains and two light chains, forming a Y-shaped molecule with variable and constant regions.
- Ig classes include IgD, IgM, IgG, IgE, and IgA, each serving specific functions in immune response.
Immunoglobulin Classes
- IgD: Found on B-cell surfaces; function mainly unknown.
- IgM: First antibody class produced during a primary response; effective in complement activation.
- IgG: Most abundant in serum; provides passive immunity to fetuses and activates complement.
- IgE: Mediates immediate hypersensitivity reactions; binds to mast cells and basophils.
- IgA: Predominant in external secretions (milk, saliva); provides passive immunity to infants.
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Description
This quiz covers the fundamentals of hematology and immunology, focusing on the immune system's structure and functions. It serves to enhance understanding of how the immune system protects the body against pathogens, toxins, and tumor cells. Test your knowledge on the critical components that contribute to human survival.
