Hematology and Immunology Module 03

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Questions and Answers

What is the lifespan of granulocytes once they are released into the blood?

10-20 hours

Months

4-8 hours (correct)

Days to weeks

What happens to granulocytes during severe tissue infections?

They have no immune function

They become macrophages

Their lifespan is extended

They proceed more rapidly to the infected area (correct)

How long do monocytes stay in the blood before entering tissues?

4-5 days

Weeks

A few hours

10-20 hours (correct)

In what form can tissue macrophages live for months?

Once they swell and mature Signup and view all the answers

What are granulocytes also known as?

Polymorphonuclear cells Signup and view all the answers

What are the types of granulocytes?

Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of tissue macrophages?

To perform phagocytosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the lifespan of platelets?

10 days Signup and view all the answers

What can the B-cells mature into?

Plasma cells Signup and view all the answers

How long can lymphocytes live?

Weeks or months Signup and view all the answers

Where do leukocytes originate in the body?

Formed partially in the bone marrow and partially in the lymph tissue Signup and view all the answers

What do pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells differentiate into?

Various committed precursor stem cells Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes leukocytes from red blood cells?

Leukocytes are involved in protecting against infections, while red blood cells are not. Signup and view all the answers

What is lymph?

Interstitial fluid that drains into lymphatic vessels Signup and view all the answers

Which type of progenitor stem cell differentiates into erythrocytes and megakaryocytes?

Common Myeloid Progenitor (CMP) Signup and view all the answers

What is the lifespan of lymphocytes depending on the body's need?

Weeks or months Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a part of the lymphatic system?

Heart Signup and view all the answers

How do leukocytes travel in the body?

They circulate in the blood and lymph. Signup and view all the answers

How frequently are platelets replaced within the bloodstream?

Once every 10 days Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes leukocytes?

They are the main cells of the immune system. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of blood cell lineage includes monocytes and granulocytes?

Myelocytic Lineage Signup and view all the answers

What is the average number of white blood cells in a cubic millimeter of blood?

7400/mm3 Signup and view all the answers

Which component connects the lymphatic system to the blood circulatory system?

Lymph nodes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a true statement about leukocytes?

They can be scattered in virtually all tissues. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about lymphocyte circulation is accurate?

Lymphocytes continuously circulate through lymph and blood. Signup and view all the answers

What type of blood cell does the term 'diapedesis' refer to?

Lymphocytes Signup and view all the answers

What types of harmful agents does the immune system defend against?

Single-celled organisms, multicellular organisms, viruses, and altered self-cells Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a key factor for the immune system's protective functions?

Slow response to pathogens Signup and view all the answers

How does the immune system respond to pathogens introduced at various sites in the body?

By maintaining a small number of specialized cells that can respond to many antigens Signup and view all the answers

What allows the immune system to effectively locate and destroy microbes?

The ability to migrate and respond from different sites Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of phagocytes in the immune system?

To recognize and destroy antigens through engulfing Signup and view all the answers

Which type of immune cell is involved in recognizing and presenting antigens?

Antigen-presenting cells Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic is crucial for the rapid response of the immune system?

The rapid and varied responses of immune cells Signup and view all the answers

Which factor contributes significantly to the immune system's ability to adapt and respond to many different microbes?

The organization and specialization of immune cells Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following elements is considered a molecular component of the immune system?

Cytokines Signup and view all the answers

What does the immune system primarily do in response to altered self-cells, such as cancer?

Recognize and target these cells specifically Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Overview of the Immune System

The immune system defends against various harmful agents: bacteria, single-celled eukaryotes, multicellular organisms (worms and fungi), viruses, and altered self-cells (cancer, autoimmune diseases).
The system employs diverse mechanisms, including intracellular and extracellular attacks and toxin release.
Optimal immune function relies on rapid, varied cell responses, organized lymphoid tissues, and the ability of cells to migrate to infection sites.

Cellular Components of the Immune System

White Blood Cells (WBCs) are the main cells in the immune system, circulating in blood and lymph, and responsible for protection against infections.
WBCs are formed partially in the bone marrow and lymph tissue, unlike red blood cells which carry oxygen.
WBC types include granulocytes, monocytes, and lymphocytes, each with distinct roles and morphologies.

Classification of Leukocytes

Granulocytes: A type of WBC with granules.
- Neutrophils: Lifespan of 4-8 hours in blood, 4-5 days in tissues.
- Eosinophils: Lifespan similar to neutrophils.
- Basophils: Rare, with a similar lifespan to eosinophils.
Monocytes: Short transit time of 10-20 hours in blood; develop into macrophages in tissues, where they can live for months.
Lymphocytes: Continuous circulation in the body; lifespan varies from weeks to months based on the body's demand.

Immune Cell Organization

WBCs reside in various locations: circulating in blood, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and lymphoid organs like the spleen and tonsils.
Tissues harbor scattered immune cells, providing localized defense mechanisms.

White Blood Cell Lifespan

Granulocytes:
- Circulate for 4-8 hours then last 4-5 days in tissues; lifespan shortened during severe infections.
Monocytes:
- Live 10-20 hours in blood; become macrophages in tissues and can survive for months.
Lymphocytes:
- Constantly circulate through the body, maintaining immunity over time.

Blood Cell Counts

Average white blood cell count is 7,400/mm³ (normal range: 4,500-11,000/mm³).
Neutrophils comprise 40-60% of WBCs, essential for acute immune responses.

Hematopoietic Process

All WBCs originate from Pluripotent Hematopoietic Stem Cells (PHSC) in bone marrow.
PHSC differentiates into committed pre-cursor stem cells for various blood cells, including myeloid and lymphoid lineages.
Myeloid lineage includes granulocyte and monocyte precursors; lymphoid lineage includes B- and T- lymphocytes.

Platelets

Play a critical role in hemostasis and are replaced approximately every 10 days, with around 30,000 produced daily per microliter of blood.

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Description

This quiz covers the cellular and molecular components of the immune system as discussed in Module 03 of Hematology and Immunology. It focuses on the classifications of white blood cells, phagocytes, and antigen-recognizing molecules. Test your knowledge on these essential immunological concepts.