Human Biology: Blood and Immune System Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary role of neutrophils in the immune system?

Producing antibodies

Forming platelet plugs

Phagocytosing bacteria (correct)

Regulating blood volume

Which type of white blood cell transforms into macrophages?

Neutrophils (correct)

Basophils

Eosinophils

Granulocytes

What is the lifespan of platelets (thrombocytes) in the bloodstream?

5-7 days

7-8 days (correct)

1-3 days

10-12 days

What structural feature is characteristic of a neutrophil's nucleus?

Multilobulated structure Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes platelets from typical blood cells?

Cellular fragments without a nucleus Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of albumin in the blood plasma?

Helps retain water due to osmotic pressure Signup and view all the answers

Which component of red blood cells primarily binds to oxygen in the lungs?

Hemoglobin Signup and view all the answers

What initiates the process of erythropoiesis?

Decrease in oxygen levels (hypoxia) Signup and view all the answers

In what locations does the production of red blood cells (erythropoiesis) primarily occur?

Red bone marrow of several bones Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary solvent in blood plasma?

Water Signup and view all the answers

How does hemoglobin release oxygen once it reaches the body's tissue capillaries?

First into interstitial fluid and then to cells Signup and view all the answers

What happens to carbon dioxide when blood flows to the lungs?

It is released from hemoglobin and exhaled Signup and view all the answers

Which type of plasma protein is primarily responsible for immune function?

Globulins Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of prolactin (PRL) after childbirth?

Stimulates and maintains milk production Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone regulates the cortical portion of the adrenal gland?

Adrenocorticotropic hormone Signup and view all the answers

What network connects the blood supply of the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary gland?

Hypophyseal portal circulation Signup and view all the answers

Which type of gonadotropic hormone stimulates follicle development in ovaries?

Follicle stimulating hormone Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes acromegaly?

Enlargement of bones in the face Signup and view all the answers

The secondary plexus is formed by which type of blood vessels?

Hypophyseal portal veins Signup and view all the answers

What role does the hypothalamus play in regulating the anterior pituitary gland?

Controls the secretion of releasing and inhibiting hormones Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of heparin released from certain leukocytes?

Act as an anticoagulant Signup and view all the answers

Which arteries contribute to the superior hypophyseal arteries?

Branch of the internal carotid and anterior communicating arteries Signup and view all the answers

What type of nucleus do agranular leukocytes exhibit?

Unsegmented nucleus Signup and view all the answers

What is the result when type A blood from a donor is mixed with a recipient who has anti-B antibodies?

No reaction occurs Signup and view all the answers

What happens if an RH negative individual receives RH positive blood?

The individual will develop RH antibodies Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the coagulation process is accurate?

Vasoconstriction occurs for only about 20 minutes Signup and view all the answers

What is the importance of the D antigen in the context of blood type?

It is significant in antibody production Signup and view all the answers

Which substance released by leukocytes constricts vascular smooth muscles?

Serotonin Signup and view all the answers

What condition can arise from an RH negative individual receiving RH positive transfusions?

Erythroblastosis fetalis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following glands are classified as small salivary glands?

Palatine Signup and view all the answers

What are the two major lobes of the liver?

Left and Right Signup and view all the answers

What is the length of the small intestine?

5 meters Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following segments is NOT part of the small intestine?

Caudate Signup and view all the answers

What is stored in the gallbladder?

Bile Signup and view all the answers

Which portion of the small intestine is primarily retroperitoneal?

Duodenum Signup and view all the answers

Which type of hepatic cells primarily make up the liver?

Hepatocytes Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the small intestine?

Digestion and food absorption Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the right lymphatic duct?

Drains lymph from the right side of the head and neck Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of suppressor T-cells?

Terminate normal immune responses Signup and view all the answers

Where do B-cells develop before entering the circulatory and lymph systems?

Bone marrow Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary immune response characterized by?

Clonal selection and differentiation of B-cells Signup and view all the answers

What role do macrophages in lymph nodes play?

Engulf and destroy bacteria and cancer cells Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Blood

Liquid connective tissue, part of the cardiovascular system
Maintains homeostasis
Makes up 7-9% of an adult's body weight
Male average: 5-6 liters
Female average: 4-5 liters
Red color of arterial blood due to oxygenated hemoglobin (Hgb)
Functions: transport, protection, regulation

Blood Functions

Transport: oxygen from the lungs to body tissues
Protection: blood clotting prevents excessive blood loss during injury; host defences via antibody production; platelets maintain hemostasis; regulates pH (acid-base balance); albumin maintains blood volume and pressure, regulates heat dissipation by varying blood flow.
Regulation: acid-base balance; osmotic pressure; heat regulation

Plasma

Liquid portion of blood
Composition: water (90%), plasma proteins (albumin, globulins, fibrinogen), plasma electrolytes, nutrients, waste products, gasses, and buffers
Water: Solvent for nutrient transport
Plasma Proteins: (mostly from the liver)
- Albumin: water retention, blood volume, pressure
- Globulins: transport fat-soluble vitamins (ADEK), antibodies
- Fibrinogen: blood clotting
Plasma Electrolytes: inorganic molecules (ions), e.g., sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride
Nutrients: glucose, amino acids, lipids
Waste Products: lactic acid, urea
Gasses: oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide
Buffers: maintain pH

Formed Elements

Whole cells and cell fragments
Red Blood Cells (RBCs) / Erythrocytes:
- Average: Male = 5.5 million/cu.mm; Female = 4.8 million/cu.mm
- Size: 7 μm
- Biconcave disc shape for gas diffusion
- Anucleated, no nucleus
- Contains hemoglobin (Hgb) for oxygen transport
- Life span: 120 days
- Removed by macrophages in spleen
White Blood Cells (WBCs) / Leukocytes:
- 5,000-10,000 cells/mm³
- Have nuclei
- Do not contain hemoglobin
- Combat pathogens by phagocytosis and immune response
- Types: Granular (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils), Agranular (lymphocytes, monocytes)
Platelets (Thrombocytes):
- 150,000-400,000 cells/mm³
- Cell fragments, no nucleus
- Life span: 7-8 days
- Involved in blood clotting

Erythropoiesis

Production of red blood cells
Stimulated by hypoxia (low oxygen) via erythropoietin (EPO) hormone from kidneys

Blood Disorders

Anemia: Reduced oxygen-carrying capacity
Hemophilia: Inherited clotting deficiency

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Description

Test your knowledge on the human blood components and immune system in this engaging quiz. Questions cover the roles of various blood cells, the function of plasma proteins, and the process of erythropoiesis. Perfect for biology students looking to assess their understanding of hematology and immunology.