Heat Transfer and Thermal Equilibrium Theory

Local heating systems = Provide heat for only one room or a small part of a building Central heating systems = Provide heat from a single, central source such as a furnace Forced Air Heating = Type of central heating system Hot Water Heating = Type of central heating system

Collector = Gathers energy from the sun Heat storage unit = Stores the collected solar energy Heat distribution system = Transfers the solar energy to heat the house Solar cells in panels = Converts the sun's energy into electrical energy

Styrofoam panelling = Layer between outer walls and siding for insulation Stone and brick walls = Good insulators but expensive Thermal conductivity = Measure of heat transfer ability R-value = Indicator of insulation effectiveness

Thermostat = Uses bi-metal strip to control furnace based on temperature Forced Air Heating = Controlled by thermostats Hot Water Heating = Controlled by thermostats Radiant Floor Heating = Controlled by thermostats

Solar thermal systems = Convert radiant energy of the sun into heat for use Solar electric systems (solar array) = Convert radiant energy of the sun directly into electrical energy Solar cells in panels = Part of solar electric systems (solar array) Collector and heat storage unit = Components of solar thermal systems

Infrared photography (thermogram) = Used to 'diagnose' areas of heat loss in a building Contractors' use of infrared photography = 'Diagnose' areas of heat loss in a building R-value = Indicator of insulation effectiveness Thermal conductivity = Measure of heat transfer ability

Use of good insulators = Materials that have low thermal conductivity and high R-value Infrared photography (thermogram) = Used to diagnose areas of heat loss in a building R-value = Indicator of insulation effectiveness Thermal conductivity = Measure of heat transfer ability

Passive solar heating = 'Store' and utilize solar energy without using mechanical devices Active solar heating = 'Harness' solar energy using mechanical devices like solar thermal and electric systems Solar thermal systems and solar electric systems (solar array) = Methods used in active solar heating Combination of passive and active solar systems = Can meet up to 75% of a family’s heating needs in prairie climate

Work by yourself or in a small group and brainstorm solutions = Step 1: Generate ideas to solve the problem and choose the best one Create plan and get teacher approval before building device = Step 2: Plan how to build the device including sketch, materials, equipment, and get teacher approval before starting to build it "Build your device. Test it. Do you need to make any changes to your device. Do so now." = "Step 3: Construct and test the device, make changes if necessary" "Compare your device with those of your classmates. How successful were their devices." = "Step 4: Compare your device with classmates' devices and evaluate success"

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solar thermal systems and solar electric systems

a collector, a heat storage unit, and a heat distribution system

Solar cells are arranged in panels, connected to form a solar array, and the energy is stored in low voltage batteries.

local heating systems and central heating systems

forced air heating, hot water heating, radiant floor heating

It controls the temperature by opening and closing an electrical circuit that turns a furnace on or off.

Stone and brick walls

It is a number indicating the insulator's effectiveness, with a higher R-value meaning better insulation.

They can use infrared photography, also known as a thermogram.

Design and build a device to prevent an ice cube from melting.

Rapid moisture loss during pouring

Bolt and nut expand at different rates

Sudden temperature change

Solids, liquids, and gases

"Materials expand when heated, contract when cooled"

Conduction

Needs are essential for survival, while wants are desires that are not necessary for survival

All matter was made up of earth, air, fire, and water; when objects burned, the fire inside was released

The total kinetic energy of all particles in a substance

The level of wealth, comfort, material goods, and necessities available to a particular society or individual

To understand the transfer and properties of heat

Heat is the transfer of thermal energy between substances, while thermal energy is the total kinetic energy of all particles in a substance.

Solar thermal systems and solar electric systems

Forced Air Heating, Hot Water Heating, Radiant Floor Heating

To control and maintain the temperature by turning the furnace on or off

A number that indicates how good a product is at providing insulation

Using infrared photography to produce thermograms

Styrofoam panelling and materials with low thermal conductivity

Convection

Shiny and light-colored objects

Buoyancy of warm rising air

Convection

Radiant energy

Conductors

Julius Mayer

A form of energy resulting from the movement of tiny particles

Through experimentation and observation

Heat is the energy that transfers from a substance with higher kinetic energy to one with lower kinetic energy, while temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of particles in a substance

Heat is a self-repellent, massless fluid called caloric

Heat is produced by friction

Caloric theory

Benjamin Thompson (Count Rumford)

Julius Mayer

James Prescott Joule

solid, liquid, gas, and plasma

Heat is the energy that transfers from a substance with higher kinetic energy to one with lower kinetic energy, while temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of particles in a substance. Heat flows spontaneously from hotter objects, while temperature is a measure of the intensity of heat.

The glass mug cracked due to rapid expansion from hot water and rapid contraction from the frozen outside, causing strain and leading to cracking.

The large concrete slab cracked due to rapid moisture loss during pouring, inadequate contraction joints, and concrete contracting in cold temperatures, causing cracks from plastic shrinkage and cold temperatures.

The bolt and nut expanded at different rates due to the absorption of more heat by the sun-exposed bolt, causing it to expand more than the nut and resulting in the bolt being unable to be turned.

Conduction is the heat transfer between substances in contact, where heat transfers from hotter to cooler areas. It occurs most commonly in solids, and conductors facilitate heat transfer while insulators impede it.

Heat affects the volume of solids, liquids, and gases by causing expansion when heat is added and contraction when heat is removed.

Solids expand when heat is added and contract when heat is removed, leading to changes in their volume with temperature variations.

The two basic methods of harnessing active solar energy are solar thermal systems and solar electric systems.

The three parts of a solar thermal system are a collector, a heat storage unit, and a heat distribution system.

The three types of central heating systems mentioned in the text are forced air heating, hot water heating, and radiant floor heating.

R-value is a number given to every insulator, and the higher the R-value, the better the product is at providing insulation.

Contractors can use infrared photography to diagnose the areas of heat loss in a building, and this kind of photo is called a thermogram.

The purpose of a thermostat in a heating system is to control the heating system by opening and closing an electrical circuit that turns a furnace on or off based on temperature.

Needs are the basic, required conditions for survival, while wants include ways in which needs could be met. The standard of living refers to the level of wealth, comfort, material goods, and necessities available to a particular society or individual.

Early theories of heat date back to millions of years ago when early humans used fire to cook their food and keep warm. Empedocles, around 450 BC, believed that all matter was made up of earth, air, fire, and water.

Heat is the energy that transfers from a substance whose particles have a higher kinetic energy to a substance whose particles have a lower kinetic energy. Kinetic energy is the energy an object has as a result of its motion. Thermal energy is the total kinetic energy of all particles in a substance.

The standard of living can be influenced by factors such as income, access to education and healthcare, employment opportunities, and overall economic conditions. Unlike needs, it is not vital to survival that all wants be satisfied.

Thermal energy transfer is the energy that transfers from a substance with higher kinetic energy to one with lower kinetic energy. Examples include the warmth of the sun, heat from a heater, and air in a baking oven.

Empedocles believed that all matter was made up of earth, air, fire, and water. He thought that when objects burned, the fire inside was released.

Conduction, convection, radiation

Convection currents are the movement of particles transferring heat. They form due to the buoyancy of warm rising air and cooler sinking air.

Shiny and light-colored objects are good reflectors, while dark and dull objects are good absorbers.

Solar energy, geothermal energy, decay fire, and passive solar heating

Solar energy is clean and renewable but not available all the time, while passive solar heating allows the sun's energy to enter a home without losing heat.

Insulation materials prevent heat loss through conduction and convection.