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Questions and Answers
Which of the following components is NOT part of the classic presentation for cyanotic heart defects?
What is the common term for the condition characterized by a failure to thrive and cyanosis in infants?
Which surgical procedure was the first for treating congenital heart disease?
What does mitral valve stenosis ultimately cause in terms of blood flow?
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Which condition is a major cause of heart valve disease in underdeveloped countries?
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Which condition is characterized by severe muscle cell death due to ischemia?
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What typically triggers stable angina?
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Which symptom is NOT commonly associated with myocardial infarction?
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What is the main difference between stable angina and unstable angina?
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Which of the following is indicative of ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI)?
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What characterizes Prinzmetal’s angina?
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Which patient group may present with atypical symptoms like weakness and fatigue during an MI?
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What is the typical duration of chest discomfort associated with angina pectoris?
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What is the primary age group that rheumatic fever usually affects?
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Which of the following is a major criterion for diagnosing rheumatic fever?
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How can rheumatic fever be prevented?
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What might be a consequence of untreated mitral valve prolapse?
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Which of the following is NOT a minor criterion for rheumatic fever diagnosis?
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Which autoimmune reaction is responsible for rheumatic fever?
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During which months is rheumatic fever most frequently observed?
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What is the typical onset time for symptoms of rheumatic fever after a strep infection?
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Which factor contributes to thrombus formation by causing turbulence in blood flow?
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What is a key diagnosis method for Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)?
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Which condition is considered a significant risk factor for thrombosis?
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Which therapy is commonly used for long-term management of DVT?
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What is a common consequence of a DVT that dislodges?
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In terms of risk factors, which lifestyle choice is linked to endothelial injury?
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Which symptom is NOT typically associated with a pulmonary embolism?
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What is the effect of hypercoagulability on thrombosis?
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What is the main function of the sinoatrial (SA) node?
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During ventricular systole, which of the following occurs?
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What condition may result from persistent systemic hypertension?
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Which of the following statements regarding heart muscle cells is true?
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What is the typical wall thickness of the left ventricle?
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What is the consequence of failure of the sinoatrial node?
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Which heart disorder is characterized by the weakening of heart muscle and reduced efficiency?
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Which of the following is NOT a type of coronary artery disease?
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Study Notes
Heart Disorders
- Normal Heart Weight: 250–300g females, 300–350g males.
- Wall Thickness: 0.3–0.5cm right ventricle, 1.3–1.5cm left ventricle.
- Myocytes: 25% of heart cells, but 90% of heart mass.
Coronary Artery Disease
- Sudden narrowing of coronary arteries due to atherosclerosis.
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Three major clinical manifestations:
- Stable Angina Pectoris: Chest discomfort, relieved by rest.
- Unstable Angina Pectoris: Angina at rest, more severe, pattern changes.
- Myocardial Infarction: Ischemia leads to heart muscle cell death.
Angina Pectoris
- Sudden onset of chest discomfort, "pressure", heaviness, burning, choking, pain.
- Typically radiates to left chest and arm, frequently triggered by exertion, cold, or emotional stress.
- Usually lasts a few minutes, relieved by nitrites.
- ECG is typically normal.
Myocardial Infarction
- Symptoms: chest pain, nausea, vomiting, arrhythmia, loss of consciousness, pain radiating to left arm, jaw, back, epigastrium, possibly sudden death.
- Diagnosis: ECG (ST-elevation MI), cardiac enzymes (CK-MB, Troponin I or T), non-ST-elevation MI.
Congenital Heart Disease
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Most common cyanotic heart defect:
- Tetralogy of Fallot: pulmonary stenosis, large ventricular septal defect (VSD), overriding aorta, right ventricular hypertrophy.
- Tetralogy of Fallot is the most common cyanotic heart defect (blue baby syndrome, 5% of congenital heart defects).
- Cyanosis manifests days to weeks after birth.
- Diagnosis: cyanosis, failure to thrive, difficulty breathing, clubbing of fingers and toes, protrusion of sternum, squatting makes symptoms better.
- Blalock-Taussig shunt (connecting subclavian artery to pulmonary artery) was the first successful surgery.
Heart Valves
- Heart Valve Disease: more frequent in the left heart due to higher pressures in the left ventricle.
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Stenosis: Valve fails to open completely, outflow impaired.
- Insufficiency: Valve fails to close completely, reflux of blood.
- Murmur: Abnormal heart sound.
Rheumatic Fever
- Major cause of heart valve disease in underdeveloped countries.
- Usually affects children aged 6–15 years after strep throat or scarlet fever.
- Symptoms occur several weeks after strep infection.
- Can involve joints, heart, skin, brain.
- Autoimmune reaction: antibodies formed against Strep A bind to tissue in the heart.
Mitral Valve Insufficiency
- Also known as mitral regurgitation, bad prognosis due to late detection.
Deep Venous Thrombosis (DVT)
- 350,000-900,000 cases per year in the US.
- Clinical picture: Swelling, pain, redness.
- Diagnosis: Ultrasound, elevated D-dimer levels, intravenous venography.
- Treatment: Anticoagulation, heparin (short-term), warfarin (long-term), thrombolysis, inferior vena cava filter (Greenfield filter), mobilization.
Pulmonary Embolism (PE)
- Blood clot from DVT dislodges and ends up in the lungs.
- Clinical picture: Sudden onset of shortness of breath, rapid breathing, chest pain, cyanosis, tachycardia, dizziness.
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Description
Discover the key concepts of heart disorders including normal heart weight, wall thickness, and the critical aspects of coronary artery disease. This quiz covers clinical manifestations such as stable and unstable angina pectoris, as well as myocardial infarction symptoms. Test your knowledge on how these conditions affect heart health.