Heart Disorders Overview
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Heart Disorders Overview

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following components is NOT part of the classic presentation for cyanotic heart defects?

  • Left ventricular hypertrophy (correct)
  • Overriding aorta
  • Large VSD
  • Pulmonary stenosis

    • What is the common term for the condition characterized by a failure to thrive and cyanosis in infants?

  • Pulmonary hypertension
  • Blue baby syndrome (correct)
  • Congenital heart disease
  • Tetralogy of Fallot

    • Which surgical procedure was the first for treating congenital heart disease?

  • Fontan procedure
  • Blalock-Taussig shunt (correct)
  • Norwood procedure
  • Ross procedure

    • What does mitral valve stenosis ultimately cause in terms of blood flow?

    <p>Outflow obstruction from the left ventricle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is a major cause of heart valve disease in underdeveloped countries?

    <p>Rheumatic heart disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by severe muscle cell death due to ischemia?

    <p>Myocardial infarction (MI)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What typically triggers stable angina?

    <p>Physical exertion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is NOT commonly associated with myocardial infarction?

    <p>Pressure relief upon rest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between stable angina and unstable angina?

    <p>Stable angina has a consistent pattern for over a month.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is indicative of ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI)?

    <p>ST segment elevation on ECG</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes Prinzmetal’s angina?

    <p>Triggered by vasospasm of coronary arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which patient group may present with atypical symptoms like weakness and fatigue during an MI?

    <p>Women</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical duration of chest discomfort associated with angina pectoris?

    <p>5 to 20 minutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary age group that rheumatic fever usually affects?

    <p>Ages 5 to 15 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a major criterion for diagnosing rheumatic fever?

    <p>Erythema marginatum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can rheumatic fever be prevented?

    <p>Antibiotic treatment of group A strep infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might be a consequence of untreated mitral valve prolapse?

    <p>Mitral valve insufficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a minor criterion for rheumatic fever diagnosis?

    <p>Migratory polyarthritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which autoimmune reaction is responsible for rheumatic fever?

    <p>Antibodies against the M antigen of Group A strep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which months is rheumatic fever most frequently observed?

    <p>Fall and winter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical onset time for symptoms of rheumatic fever after a strep infection?

    <p>2-4 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor contributes to thrombus formation by causing turbulence in blood flow?

    <p>Stasis of blood flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key diagnosis method for Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)?

    <p>D-dimer test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is considered a significant risk factor for thrombosis?

    <p>Prolonged bed rest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which therapy is commonly used for long-term management of DVT?

    <p>Warfarin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common consequence of a DVT that dislodges?

    <p>Pulmonary embolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of risk factors, which lifestyle choice is linked to endothelial injury?

    <p>Smoking/nicotine use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is NOT typically associated with a pulmonary embolism?

    <p>Swelling in the legs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of hypercoagulability on thrombosis?

    <p>Enhances clot formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the sinoatrial (SA) node?

    <p>To initiate electrical impulses and set the heart rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During ventricular systole, which of the following occurs?

    <p>The ventricles contract and blood is ejected into the arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition may result from persistent systemic hypertension?

    <p>Cor pulmonale</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements regarding heart muscle cells is true?

    <p>Myocytes constitute approximately 25% of the heart's cells and 90% of its mass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical wall thickness of the left ventricle?

    <p>1.3 – 1.5 cm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of failure of the sinoatrial node?

    <p>The atrioventricular (AV) node takes over the pacemaking role</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which heart disorder is characterized by the weakening of heart muscle and reduced efficiency?

    <p>Cardiomyopathies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of coronary artery disease?

    <p>Pulmonary embolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Heart Disorders

    • Normal Heart Weight: 250–300g females, 300–350g males.
    • Wall Thickness: 0.3–0.5cm right ventricle, 1.3–1.5cm left ventricle.
    • Myocytes: 25% of heart cells, but 90% of heart mass.

    Coronary Artery Disease

    • Sudden narrowing of coronary arteries due to atherosclerosis.
    • Three major clinical manifestations:
      • Stable Angina Pectoris: Chest discomfort, relieved by rest.
      • Unstable Angina Pectoris: Angina at rest, more severe, pattern changes.
      • Myocardial Infarction: Ischemia leads to heart muscle cell death.

    Angina Pectoris

    • Sudden onset of chest discomfort, "pressure", heaviness, burning, choking, pain.
    • Typically radiates to left chest and arm, frequently triggered by exertion, cold, or emotional stress.
    • Usually lasts a few minutes, relieved by nitrites.
    • ECG is typically normal.

    Myocardial Infarction

    • Symptoms: chest pain, nausea, vomiting, arrhythmia, loss of consciousness, pain radiating to left arm, jaw, back, epigastrium, possibly sudden death.
    • Diagnosis: ECG (ST-elevation MI), cardiac enzymes (CK-MB, Troponin I or T), non-ST-elevation MI.

    Congenital Heart Disease

    • Most common cyanotic heart defect:
      • Tetralogy of Fallot: pulmonary stenosis, large ventricular septal defect (VSD), overriding aorta, right ventricular hypertrophy.
    • Tetralogy of Fallot is the most common cyanotic heart defect (blue baby syndrome, 5% of congenital heart defects).
    • Cyanosis manifests days to weeks after birth.
    • Diagnosis: cyanosis, failure to thrive, difficulty breathing, clubbing of fingers and toes, protrusion of sternum, squatting makes symptoms better.
    • Blalock-Taussig shunt (connecting subclavian artery to pulmonary artery) was the first successful surgery.

    Heart Valves

    • Heart Valve Disease: more frequent in the left heart due to higher pressures in the left ventricle.
    • Stenosis: Valve fails to open completely, outflow impaired.
      • Insufficiency: Valve fails to close completely, reflux of blood.
      • Murmur: Abnormal heart sound.

    Rheumatic Fever

    • Major cause of heart valve disease in underdeveloped countries.
    • Usually affects children aged 6–15 years after strep throat or scarlet fever.
    • Symptoms occur several weeks after strep infection.
    • Can involve joints, heart, skin, brain.
    • Autoimmune reaction: antibodies formed against Strep A bind to tissue in the heart.

    Mitral Valve Insufficiency

    • Also known as mitral regurgitation, bad prognosis due to late detection.

    Deep Venous Thrombosis (DVT)

    • 350,000-900,000 cases per year in the US.
    • Clinical picture: Swelling, pain, redness.
    • Diagnosis: Ultrasound, elevated D-dimer levels, intravenous venography.
    • Treatment: Anticoagulation, heparin (short-term), warfarin (long-term), thrombolysis, inferior vena cava filter (Greenfield filter), mobilization.

    Pulmonary Embolism (PE)

    • Blood clot from DVT dislodges and ends up in the lungs.
    • Clinical picture: Sudden onset of shortness of breath, rapid breathing, chest pain, cyanosis, tachycardia, dizziness.

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    Exam 2 Study Guide PDF

    Description

    Discover the key concepts of heart disorders including normal heart weight, wall thickness, and the critical aspects of coronary artery disease. This quiz covers clinical manifestations such as stable and unstable angina pectoris, as well as myocardial infarction symptoms. Test your knowledge on how these conditions affect heart health.

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