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Questions and Answers
Which type of lipoprotein is responsible for transporting exogenous lipid from the intestine to all cells?
Which type of lipoprotein is responsible for transporting exogenous lipid from the intestine to all cells?
What is the main reason that lipids are transported in the body as lipoproteins?
What is the main reason that lipids are transported in the body as lipoproteins?
Which lipoprotein class is involved in the transport of cholesterol from cells back to the liver?
Which lipoprotein class is involved in the transport of cholesterol from cells back to the liver?
What is the main characteristic of Type-I hyperlipoproteinemia according to Frederickson's classification?
What is the main characteristic of Type-I hyperlipoproteinemia according to Frederickson's classification?
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In Type-IIa hyperlipoproteinemia, what is the metabolic defect that results in increased plasma LDL cholesterol levels?
In Type-IIa hyperlipoproteinemia, what is the metabolic defect that results in increased plasma LDL cholesterol levels?
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What is the main defect associated with Familial hypolipoproteinemia?
What is the main defect associated with Familial hypolipoproteinemia?
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What is the role of lipids in biological life?
What is the role of lipids in biological life?
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How are triglycerides transported from the intestine to various tissues?
How are triglycerides transported from the intestine to various tissues?
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Which type of fatty acids contain more than one double bond?
Which type of fatty acids contain more than one double bond?
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Where is cholesterol found exclusively?
Where is cholesterol found exclusively?
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What is the precursor of bile acids and steroid hormones?
What is the precursor of bile acids and steroid hormones?
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What differentiates phospholipids from triglycerides in terms of structure?
What differentiates phospholipids from triglycerides in terms of structure?
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Study Notes
Lipid Metabolism Disorders
- Lipids are organic compounds that are poorly soluble in water but miscible in organic solvents.
- Lipids play a critical role in biological life, being structural components in cells and involved in metabolic and hormonal pathways.
Fatty Acids
- Fatty acids are straight-chain carbon compounds of varying lengths.
- Fatty acids can be saturated (no double bonds), monounsaturated (one double bond), or polyunsaturated (more than one double bond).
- Fatty acids can esterify with glycerol to form triglycerides or be non-esterified (NEFAs) or free.
Triglycerides
- Triglycerides are transported from the intestine to various tissues, including the liver and adipose tissue, as lipoproteins.
- Following hydrolysis, fatty acids are taken up, re-esterified and stored as triglycerides.
- Plasma triglyceride concentrations rise after a meal, unlike that of plasma cholesterol.
Phospholipids
- Phospholipids are complex lipids, similar in structure to triglycerides but containing phosphate and a nitrogenous base in place of one of the fatty acids.
Cholesterol
- Cholesterol is a steroid alcohol found exclusively in animals and present in virtually all cells and body fluids.
- Cholesterol is a precursor of numerous physiologically important steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones.
Lipoproteins
- Lipoproteins are soluble protein complexes that transport lipids in body fluids.
- Lipoproteins can be classified into five main groups: chylomicrons, VLDLs, IDLs, LDLs, and HDLs.
Lipoprotein Classification
- Chylomicrons: largest and least dense lipoproteins, transporting exogenous lipid from the intestine to cells.
- VLDLs: transporting endogenous lipid from the liver to cells.
- IDLs: transient and formed during the conversion of VLDL to LDL.
- LDLs: formed from VLDLs and carrying cholesterol to cells.
- HDLs: densest lipoproteins, involved in the transport of cholesterol from cells back to the liver (reverse cholesterol transport).
Dyslipoproteinemias
- Disorders of plasma lipoprotein are called dyslipoproteinemias.
- Dyslipoproteinemias include hyperlipoproteinemia and hypolipoproteinemia.
Hyperlipoproteinemia
- Hyperlipoproteinemia: elevation of one or more lipoprotein fractions in the plasma.
- According to Frederickson's classification, there are 5 types of hyperlipoproteinemia:
- Type-1: lipoprotein lipase enzyme deficiency, increased plasma chylomicron and VLDL levels.
- Type-2a: LDL receptor deficiency, increased plasma LDL cholesterol.
- Type-2b: overproduction of apo B, increased plasma LDL and VLDL.
- Type-3: increased IDL.
- Type-4: increased VLDL.
- Type-5: increased VLDL and chylomicron.
Hypolipoproteinemia
- Hypolipoproteinemia: condition of decreased lipoprotein fraction.
- Types of hypolipoproteinemia:
- Familial hypolipoproteinemia: failure in the synthesis of apo B lipoproteins, decreased LDL level.
- Abetalipoproteinemia: absence of Apo B100, LDL fraction is completely absent.
- Familial α-lipoprotein deficiency.
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Description
Test your knowledge of disorders related to lipid metabolism, including atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease. Learn about the role of lipids in biological processes and their impact on health.
