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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the SA node?
What is the primary function of the SA node?
The AV node ensures that both atria contract at the same time.
The AV node ensures that both atria contract at the same time.
True
What is the role of the Purkinje fibers in the conduction system?
What is the role of the Purkinje fibers in the conduction system?
To initiate contraction in the ventricles
The signal from the AV node travels down the ____ which forks into right and left bundle branches.
The signal from the AV node travels down the ____ which forks into right and left bundle branches.
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Match the components of the heart's conduction system with their primary function:
Match the components of the heart's conduction system with their primary function:
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What is the primary function of the pulmonary circuit?
What is the primary function of the pulmonary circuit?
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The apex of the heart is located at the superior portion.
The apex of the heart is located at the superior portion.
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What are the two parts of the pericardium?
What are the two parts of the pericardium?
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The ________ layer of the pericardium is fused to the fibrous pericardium.
The ________ layer of the pericardium is fused to the fibrous pericardium.
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Which layer of the heart is responsible for the contraction of the heart muscle?
Which layer of the heart is responsible for the contraction of the heart muscle?
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Match the heart structure with its function:
Match the heart structure with its function:
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The cardiac conduction system requires nervous stimulation to function.
The cardiac conduction system requires nervous stimulation to function.
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What type of tissue makes up the epicardium?
What type of tissue makes up the epicardium?
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What is the primary function of capillaries?
What is the primary function of capillaries?
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Vasoconstriction decreases blood pressure and restricts blood flow to capillaries.
Vasoconstriction decreases blood pressure and restricts blood flow to capillaries.
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What are the three layers of blood vessel walls?
What are the three layers of blood vessel walls?
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The process of moving substances from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration is known as __________.
The process of moving substances from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration is known as __________.
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Match the types of blood vessels with their functions:
Match the types of blood vessels with their functions:
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Which statement is true about veins compared to arteries?
Which statement is true about veins compared to arteries?
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Oxygen and nutrients enter the capillaries while wastes and carbon dioxide leave.
Oxygen and nutrients enter the capillaries while wastes and carbon dioxide leave.
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What does the QT interval on an electrocardiogram represent?
What does the QT interval on an electrocardiogram represent?
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The __________ is the structure that conducts electrical signals from the SA node to the AV node.
The __________ is the structure that conducts electrical signals from the SA node to the AV node.
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Which of the following options describes a characteristic of arteries?
Which of the following options describes a characteristic of arteries?
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Blood pressure is the inward force caused by a difference in solute concentration in capillaries.
Blood pressure is the inward force caused by a difference in solute concentration in capillaries.
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What structure in veins helps maintain blood flow back to the heart?
What structure in veins helps maintain blood flow back to the heart?
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The __________ represents the time it takes for the signal to pass through the AV node before activating the ventricles.
The __________ represents the time it takes for the signal to pass through the AV node before activating the ventricles.
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Which of the following best explains the role of osmotic pressure in capillary exchange?
Which of the following best explains the role of osmotic pressure in capillary exchange?
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Study Notes
Heart & Blood Vessels
- Covered in chapters 15 & 16
- Major divisions of circulatory system are pulmonary and systemic circuits
The Pulmonary and Systemic Circuits
- Pulmonary circuit: right side of heart, carries blood to lungs for gas exchange
- Systemic circuit: left side of heart, supplies oxygenated blood to all tissues of the body
Position, Size, and Shape of the Heart
- Heart located in the mediastinum, between lungs
- Base - wide, superior portion of heart
- Apex - tapered inferior end, tilts to the left
- Heart is about the size of a fist
The Pericardium
- Pericardium - double-walled sac surrounding and protecting the heart
- Consists of two parts:
- Fibrous pericardium - outer wall composed of dense irregular connective tissue; prevents overstretching, provides protection, and anchors the heart
- Serous pericardium - inner layer that forms a double layer around the heart
- Parietal layer - outer layer fused to the fibrous pericardium
- Visceral layer (epicardium) - attaches to the surface of the heart
The Heart Wall
- Three layers of the heart:
- Epicardium - thin transparent outer layer composed of simple squamous epithelial (mesothelium) and areolar connective tissue
- Myocardium - cardiac muscle, spirals around the heart, producing a wringing motion
- Endocardium - simple squamous epithelial tissue, smooth inner lining of the heart and blood vessels
External Anatomy of the Heart
- Structures visible on the outside of the heart are labeled
Internal Anatomy of the Heart
- Internal structures of the heart are labeled
Gross Anatomy of the Heart - External
- Structures of the heart's external surface are labeled
Gross Anatomy of the Heart - Internal
- Internal structures of the heart are labeled
Blood Flow Through the Chambers
- Detailed description of blood flow through the heart chambers
Coronary Circulation
- The path of blood flow through the coronary arteries supplying the heart muscle
Conduction System of the Heart
- The intrinsic system that initiates and coordinates the heart's contractions
- Heart's nodal and muscular tissues function to control the contractile nature of the heart.
- Sinoatrial (SA) node
- Atrioventricular (AV) node
- Atrioventricular (AV) bundle (Bundle of His)
- Right and left bundle branches
- Purkinje fibers
Pacemaker (SA) Physiology
- Detailed explanation of SA node electrical activity and its spontaneous firing
- The SA node spontaneously depolarizes due to a unique ion channel activity pattern which creates the "heart beat".
Electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG)
- Composite of all action potentials
- Shows electrical activity of the heart, using electrodes on the skin
- Labeled components/waves that represent atria and ventricle activity
Chapter 16: Blood Vessels and Circulation
- Describes blood vessels and circulation
Pulmonary & Systemic Circulation
- Diagram of blood flow through the pulmonary and systemic circuits
- Includes oxygen and carbon dioxide
Blood Vessels
- Functions of blood vessels including transport, gas exchange, regulation, and flow.
- Types of vessels – arteries, capillaries, and veins
Walls (tunics) to vessels
- Comparing the structures of arterial and venous walls
- Arteries have thicker walls than veins.
- Inner Layer - endothelium
- Middle Layer - smooth muscle & elastic fibers (expand & recoil)
- Outer Layer - outer connective tissue layer
- Veins have thinner walls than arteries; with valves.
- Thinner walls – less tunica media
- Larger lumen
- Valves
Capillaries
- Microscopic blood vessels allowing for nutrient and gas exchange
- Not all capillary beds are in use simultaneously
- Tissues with higher metabolic needs typically have more capillary beds
Capillary Gas Exchange
- Explanation of substances moving across the thin capillary walls by 3 primary processes: blood pressure, diffusion, and osmotic pressure
Veins & Venules
- Return blood to the heart
- Venules drain blood from capillaries, then merge to form veins; thinner walls than arteries.
- Skeletal muscle pump aiding blood return to heart
Arteries/Veins
- Key aspects of arteries and veins to study
- Location and principles
Gross Anatomy of the Heart - External
- labeled external structures
Gross Anatomy of the Heart - Internal
- labeled internal structures
Valve Attachments
- Labeled components of heart valves
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Description
Explore the major components of the circulatory system, focusing on the pulmonary and systemic circuits. Understand the anatomy of the heart, including its position, size, shape, and protective structures like the pericardium. This quiz covers key aspects found in Chapters 15 and 16.
