Heart & Blood Vessels Chapters 15 & 16
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the SA node?

  • To determine heart rate (correct)
  • To contract the ventricles
  • To initiate blood circulation
  • To prevent arrhythmias

The AV node ensures that both atria contract at the same time.

True (A)

What is the role of the Purkinje fibers in the conduction system?

To initiate contraction in the ventricles

The signal from the AV node travels down the ____ which forks into right and left bundle branches.

<p>Bundle of His</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the components of the heart's conduction system with their primary function:

<p>SA Node = Pacemaker that initiates heartbeat AV Node = Delays impulse for synchronized atrial contraction Bundle of His = Conducts impulse to bundle branches Purkinje Fibers = Facilitates ventricular contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the pulmonary circuit?

<p>Carries blood to the lungs for gas exchange (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The apex of the heart is located at the superior portion.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two parts of the pericardium?

<p>Fibrous pericardium and serous pericardium</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ________ layer of the pericardium is fused to the fibrous pericardium.

<p>parietal</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the heart is responsible for the contraction of the heart muscle?

<p>Myocardium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the heart structure with its function:

<p>Epicardium = Protects and anchors the heart Myocardium = Pumps blood throughout the body Endocardium = Forms smooth inner lining Pericardium = Surrounds and protects the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

The cardiac conduction system requires nervous stimulation to function.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of tissue makes up the epicardium?

<p>Simple squamous epithelial tissue and areolar connective tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of capillaries?

<p>Site of nutrient and gas exchange (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Vasoconstriction decreases blood pressure and restricts blood flow to capillaries.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three layers of blood vessel walls?

<p>Tunica intima, tunica media, tunica externa</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process of moving substances from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration is known as __________.

<p>diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of blood vessels with their functions:

<p>Arteries = Transport blood away from the heart Veins = Return blood to the heart Capillaries = Nutrient and gas exchange Venules = Draining blood from capillaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true about veins compared to arteries?

<p>Veins have thinner walls than arteries (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Oxygen and nutrients enter the capillaries while wastes and carbon dioxide leave.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the QT interval on an electrocardiogram represent?

<p>The duration the ventricles remain depolarized</p> Signup and view all the answers

The __________ is the structure that conducts electrical signals from the SA node to the AV node.

<p>AV node</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following options describes a characteristic of arteries?

<p>Thick muscular walls with elastic fibers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Blood pressure is the inward force caused by a difference in solute concentration in capillaries.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure in veins helps maintain blood flow back to the heart?

<p>Valves</p> Signup and view all the answers

The __________ represents the time it takes for the signal to pass through the AV node before activating the ventricles.

<p>PQ interval</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best explains the role of osmotic pressure in capillary exchange?

<p>Inward force created by solute concentration differences (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Pulmonary Circuit

Part of the circulatory system that carries blood to the lungs for gas exchange.

Systemic Circuit

Part of the circulatory system that delivers oxygen-rich blood to the body's tissues.

Pericardium

Double-walled sac that surrounds and protects the heart.

Myocardium

Middle layer of the heart wall, composed of cardiac muscle.

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Endocardium

Inner layer of the heart wall, a smooth lining of simple squamous epithelial tissue.

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Cardiac Conduction System

Intrinsic system that coordinates heart contractions without outside nervous stimulation.

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Nodal Tissue

Specialized muscle tissue that coordinates the contractions of the atria and ventricles through electrical signals.

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Heart Chambers

Four chambers that help pump blood in the heart: atria (receiving chambers) & ventricles (pumping chambers).

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SA Node

Specialized group of cardiomyocytes in the upper right atrium that initiates heartbeats and sets the heart rate.

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AV Node Delay

A slight pause in electrical signal transmission at the AV node allows the atria to contract completely before the ventricles begin.

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Bundle of His

Conducts electrical signals from the AV node to the ventricles, splitting into left and right bundle branches.

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Purkinje Fibers

Specialized conducting fibers that distribute electrical signals throughout the ventricles, triggering contraction.

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Why Does the SA Node Fire Spontaneously?

The SA node possesses unique membrane properties that allow it to repeatedly depolarize and generate action potentials, leading to spontaneous heartbeats.

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Electrocardiogram (ECG)

A recording of the electrical activity of the heart, obtained by placing electrodes on the skin.

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P Wave

Represents atrial depolarization, the electrical signal that causes the atria to contract.

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QRS Complex

Represents ventricular depolarization, the electrical signal that causes the ventricles to contract.

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T Wave

Represents ventricular repolarization, the electrical signal that allows the ventricles to relax.

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ST Segment

Represents the period between ventricular depolarization and repolarization, when the ventricles are contracting and ejecting blood.

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QT Interval

Represents the time it takes for the ventricles to complete a contraction cycle, from depolarization to repolarization.

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Blood Vessel Functions

Transport blood and its contents, carry out gas exchange, regulate blood pressure, and direct blood flow.

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Arteries

Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart, have thick walls and high pressure.

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Veins

Blood vessels that carry blood towards the heart, have thinner walls than arteries and valves to prevent backflow.

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Capillaries

Microscopic blood vessels where gas exchange occurs between blood and tissues.

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Vasoconstriction

Narrowing of blood vessels, reducing blood flow and increasing blood pressure.

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Vasodilation

Widening of blood vessels, increasing blood flow and decreasing blood pressure.

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Capillary Exchange

The process of moving substances across the capillary walls between blood and tissues.

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Blood Pressure

The force exerted by blood against the walls of blood vessels.

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Osmotic Pressure

The pressure that draws water across a membrane due to differences in solute concentration.

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Study Notes

Heart & Blood Vessels

  • Covered in chapters 15 & 16
  • Major divisions of circulatory system are pulmonary and systemic circuits

The Pulmonary and Systemic Circuits

  • Pulmonary circuit: right side of heart, carries blood to lungs for gas exchange
  • Systemic circuit: left side of heart, supplies oxygenated blood to all tissues of the body

Position, Size, and Shape of the Heart

  • Heart located in the mediastinum, between lungs
  • Base - wide, superior portion of heart
  • Apex - tapered inferior end, tilts to the left
  • Heart is about the size of a fist

The Pericardium

  • Pericardium - double-walled sac surrounding and protecting the heart
  • Consists of two parts:
    • Fibrous pericardium - outer wall composed of dense irregular connective tissue; prevents overstretching, provides protection, and anchors the heart
    • Serous pericardium - inner layer that forms a double layer around the heart
      • Parietal layer - outer layer fused to the fibrous pericardium
      • Visceral layer (epicardium) - attaches to the surface of the heart

The Heart Wall

  • Three layers of the heart:
    • Epicardium - thin transparent outer layer composed of simple squamous epithelial (mesothelium) and areolar connective tissue
    • Myocardium - cardiac muscle, spirals around the heart, producing a wringing motion
    • Endocardium - simple squamous epithelial tissue, smooth inner lining of the heart and blood vessels

External Anatomy of the Heart

  • Structures visible on the outside of the heart are labeled

Internal Anatomy of the Heart

  • Internal structures of the heart are labeled

Gross Anatomy of the Heart - External

  • Structures of the heart's external surface are labeled

Gross Anatomy of the Heart - Internal

  • Internal structures of the heart are labeled

Blood Flow Through the Chambers

  • Detailed description of blood flow through the heart chambers

Coronary Circulation

  • The path of blood flow through the coronary arteries supplying the heart muscle

Conduction System of the Heart

  • The intrinsic system that initiates and coordinates the heart's contractions
  • Heart's nodal and muscular tissues function to control the contractile nature of the heart.
    • Sinoatrial (SA) node
    • Atrioventricular (AV) node
    • Atrioventricular (AV) bundle (Bundle of His)
    • Right and left bundle branches
    • Purkinje fibers

Pacemaker (SA) Physiology

  • Detailed explanation of SA node electrical activity and its spontaneous firing
  • The SA node spontaneously depolarizes due to a unique ion channel activity pattern which creates the "heart beat".

Electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG)

  • Composite of all action potentials
  • Shows electrical activity of the heart, using electrodes on the skin
  • Labeled components/waves that represent atria and ventricle activity

Chapter 16: Blood Vessels and Circulation

  • Describes blood vessels and circulation

Pulmonary & Systemic Circulation

  • Diagram of blood flow through the pulmonary and systemic circuits
  • Includes oxygen and carbon dioxide

Blood Vessels

  • Functions of blood vessels including transport, gas exchange, regulation, and flow.
  • Types of vessels – arteries, capillaries, and veins

Walls (tunics) to vessels

  • Comparing the structures of arterial and venous walls
  • Arteries have thicker walls than veins.
    • Inner Layer - endothelium
    • Middle Layer - smooth muscle & elastic fibers (expand & recoil)
    • Outer Layer - outer connective tissue layer
  • Veins have thinner walls than arteries; with valves.
    • Thinner walls – less tunica media
    • Larger lumen
    • Valves

Capillaries

  • Microscopic blood vessels allowing for nutrient and gas exchange
  • Not all capillary beds are in use simultaneously
  • Tissues with higher metabolic needs typically have more capillary beds

Capillary Gas Exchange

  • Explanation of substances moving across the thin capillary walls by 3 primary processes: blood pressure, diffusion, and osmotic pressure

Veins & Venules

  • Return blood to the heart
  • Venules drain blood from capillaries, then merge to form veins; thinner walls than arteries.
  • Skeletal muscle pump aiding blood return to heart

Arteries/Veins

  • Key aspects of arteries and veins to study
  • Location and principles

Gross Anatomy of the Heart - External

  • labeled external structures

Gross Anatomy of the Heart - Internal

  • labeled internal structures

Valve Attachments

  • Labeled components of heart valves

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Related Documents

2024 Chapter 15 The Cardiovascular System PDF

Description

Explore the major components of the circulatory system, focusing on the pulmonary and systemic circuits. Understand the anatomy of the heart, including its position, size, shape, and protective structures like the pericardium. This quiz covers key aspects found in Chapters 15 and 16.

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