Healthcare Theories and Models Worldwide
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Questions and Answers

What are the 3 theories of Healthcare?

  • Socialized Medicine (correct)
  • Government run Health Care
  • Universal Healthcare (correct)
  • Single-Payer System (correct)

What does Universal Healthcare provide?

Provides all residents of a country with healthcare (medical, dental, and mental health) without financial hardship.

How is Universal Healthcare Financed?

Financed by taxes and administered by the government.

How does the Single-Payer System work?

<p>Single-payer healthcare is financed by taxes that cover the costs of essential healthcare for all residents, but not the delivery of healthcare, with costs covered by a single public system, but also sometimes other public or private funds (hence 'single-payer').</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Single-Payer system has no waiting lines for surgery and diagnostic procedures.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Socialized Medicine is considered a single-payer system.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between the Single-Payer system and Socialized Medicine?

<p>The Single-Payer system is financed by taxes and the government pays for healthcare services, but the delivery of healthcare is done by private or public providers. Socialized Medicine is both financed and delivered by the government.</p> Signup and view all the answers

When did Universal Healthcare begin?

<p>Universal Healthcare began in Germany in the later 1800s.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the 4 main systems of healthcare around the world?

<p>Bismarck, Beveridge, National Health Insurance, and Out-of-Pocket.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the basic features of the Bismarck Model?

<p>The Bismarck Model uses and insurance system called Sickness Funds that are financed by both employers and employees through payroll deductions. Doctors and hospitals are private. They also have no exclusion for pre-existing conditions and fixed procedure prices. The government regulates the system tightly to ensure affordability and fair access.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which countries use the Bismarck Model?

<p>Belgium (A), Netherlands (B), France (D), Switzerland (E), Japan (F), Germany (G)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is healthcare provided and financed in the Beveridge Model?

<p>Healthcare is provided and financed by the government through tax payments. Almost all hospitals are owned by the government. Doctors collect their fees from the government.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which countries use the Beveridge Model?

<p>Scandinavia (A), Cuba (C), Great Britain (D), Spain (E), New Zealand (G), Hong Kong (H)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is healthcare financed and delivered in the National Health Insurance Model?

<p>It uses private health care providers funded through payroll and taxes, similar to the Bismarck Model. However, the payer is a government-run insurance program that every citizen pays into, giving them market power to lower prices, similar to the Beveridge Model. This model limits services, resulting in longer wait times, but it is cheaper and simpler to administer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which countries use the National Health Insurance Model?

<p>South Korea (A), Taiwan (D), Canada (F)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the Out-Of-Pocket Model.

<p>Found in most developing countries (poor and disorganized) and in the US for uninsured patients, people pay at the point of service out of their own pockets. People that cannot pay may go without care.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many Americans are uninsured?

<p>28 million Americans are uninsured.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What Healthcare Models does the U.S. use?

<p>Bismarck Model (A), Out-Of-Pocket (B), National Health Insurance (C), Beveridge Model (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the 2nd most common cancer among males in the United States?

<p>Prostate Cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the 5th leading cause of death in cancer?

<p>Prostate Cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many cases of prostate cancer are there in the U.S. per year?

<p>There are 113.4 cases of prostate cancer per 100,000 men per year in the U.S.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define Health Literacy.

<p>Health literacy is the degree to which individuals have the capacity to obtain, process, and understand basic health information and services needed to make appropriate health decisions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does culture impact health Literacy?

<p>When they seek care. (A), From who they seek care. (B), How people communicate and understand health information. (C), How they respond to health lifestyle changes and treatments. (D), How people think and feel about their health. (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Health Literacy dependent on?

<p>Culture. (A), Communication skills of lay people and health professionals. (B), Demands of the situation/context. (C), Knowledge of lay people and professionals of health topics. (D), Health care and public health systems. (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Plain language and cultural competency ARE health literacy.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Health Literacy impact?

<p>Quality of care. (A), Healthcare costs. (B), Health outcomes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is at risk for lower health literacy?

<p>Minorities. (A), Poor people. (B), Older people. (C), People with limited education. (D), People with limited English proficiency. (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the average reading level of adults in the U.S.?

<p>The average reading level of adults in the U.S. is 7th-8th grade.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between AMI and SMI?

<p>AMI stands for Any Mental Illness and refers to a mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder. SMI stands for Serious Mental Illness and refers to a mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder resulting in serious impairment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many types of mental illnesses are there?

<p>There are over 200 different types of mental illnesses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of Americans will experience some form of mental illness in their lifetime?

<p>50% of Americans will experience some form of mental illness in their lifetime.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percent of women and men are affected by major depressive disorder?

<p>20% of women and 13% of men are affected by major depressive disorder.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many people in the U.S. have SMI?

<p>15.4 million people in the U.S. have SMI.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of homeless people have severe psychiatric disorders?

<p>One-third (33.3%) of homeless people have severe psychiatric disorders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many people are homeless in the U.S.?

<p>There are 653,000 homeless people in the U.S.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the homeless population are veterans?

<p>20 per 10,000 of the homeless population are veterans.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the homeless population is African-American?

<p>37% of the homeless population is African-American.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the GEO group?

<p>The GEO Group is a company that runs US prisons, with 135 facilities in the US housing over 100,000 beds. They made 2.4 billion dollars last year, focusing on profit rather than rehabilitation and education.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of inmates in jail or prison have severe psychiatric disorders?

<p>40% of inmates in jail or prison have severe psychiatric disorders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the nation's three largest 'psychiatric hospitals'?

<p>New York's Riker's Island Jail (B), Chicago's Cook County Jail (D), Los Angeles County Jail (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of emergency room visits for adults have to do with mental illness?

<p>6% of emergency room visits for adults have to do with mental illness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How much more does it cost to care for mentally ill inmates compared to those who are not mentally ill?

<p>Mentally ill inmates cost 60% more to care for than those who are not mentally ill.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Kendra's Law?

<p>Kendra's Law grants judges the authority to issue orders that require people who meet certain criteria to regularly undergo psychiatric treatment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are ways AOTs track adherence to medication schedules?

<p>Blood or urine testing (A), Direct observed therapy (B), Long-acting injection (C), Implantable medication devices (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Assisted Outpatient Treatment (AOT)?

<p>Assisted Outpatient Treatment (AOT) involves court-ordered programs for individuals with mental illnesses who require support to access and adhere to their treatment plans. It provides a holistic approach to care, including medication, therapy, and case management.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How much does mental illness cost the U.S. annually?

<p>Mental illness costs the U.S. $200 billion annually.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mental disorders can impact physical health, parenting, work, finances, caregiving, relationships with family and friends, and common daily activities.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does DALY stand for and what is it?

<p>DALY stands for Disability Adjusted Life Year. It is a unit for measuring the amount of health lost because of a particular disease or injury.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the differences in rates between men and women for impulse control disorders, substance use disorders, and suicide completion?

<p>Men have higher rates of impulse control disorders, substance use disorders, and suicide completion than women. Men are 3.5 times more likely to complete suicide.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was mental health care like in the 1950s?

<p>Mental institutions were primarily for the very ill, offering little support for others. Lobotomy was a common practice, now replaced by SSRIs and various forms of psychotherapy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the 'Hidden Health Tax'?

<p>The 'Hidden Health Tax' refers to the practice of healthcare providers recovering costs of uncompensated care by increasing charges in private insurance premiums and taxes. This results in higher rates for everyone because individuals with limited or no insurance cannot be denied care.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does mental illness impact society?

<p>Mental illness contributes significantly to homelessness, overcrowding in jails and prisons, issues with police interactions, violence and homicides, and increased county and state expenditures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the addiction rate of marijuana?

<p>The addiction rate of marijuana is 9%, compared to caffeine, which has a 30-35% addiction rate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Cannabis?

<p>Cannabis refers to the plant and botanical compound from which marijuana is derived. It has been used for centuries for its medicinal and recreational properties.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the US population and the world consume cannabis on a regular basis?

<p>17% of the US population and 2.5% of the world consume cannabis on a regular basis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the oldest trace of cannabis use found and who discovered it?

<p>The oldest trace of cannabis use dates back to 2727 BC, discovered by Shen Nung, a Chinese Emperor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Since the 1970s, what has happened to the proportion of young people who have used cannabis and the age of first use?

<p>Since the 1970s, the proportion of young people who have used cannabis has dramatically increased, while the age of first use has declined.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What year was the Harrison Narcotics Tax Act passed?

<p>The Harrison Narcotics Tax Act was passed in 1915.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What year was the Marihuana Tax Act passed?

<p>The Marihuana Tax Act was passed in 1937.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Federal Bureau of Narcotics now called?

<p>The Federal Bureau of Narcotics is now called the DEA (Drug Enforcement Administration).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Preemption?

<p>Preemption means that no state government can make a law that is less restrictive than what the federal government says. Since marijuana is still illegal under federal law, employers can use federal laws when making policies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the different legal classifications of Marijuana Laws?

<p>Marijuana Laws: Decriminalized (A), Marijuana Laws: Medical Marijuana (B), Marijuana Laws: Illegal (C), Marijuana Laws: Recreational (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean if a state has Marijuana Laws: Illegal?

<p>It means marijuana is still illegal at the federal level, even though it may be legal at the state level. People are still able to be arrested by federal agents.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean if a state has Marijuana Laws: Decriminalized?

<p>Marijuana is still technically illegal, but law enforcement says they will not enforce those laws.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean if a state has Marijuana Laws: Medical Marijuana?

<p>The state has passed a law that allows individuals to grow, possess, and consume marijuana for medical purposes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

A physician can write a prescription for marijuana.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean if a state has Marijuana Laws: Recreational?

<p>Marijuana is a legal substance with the same parameters as any other legal substance, similar to alcohol. However, it is legal in some states but not all.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Tobacco contains considerably more carcinogens and delivers more tar to the lungs than marijuana smoke.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a Schedule 1 drug?

<p>A Schedule 1 drug is a substance with no medical use and a high risk for abuse. Marijuana is currently classified as a Schedule 1 drug.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Marijuana use is correlated with overall negative well-being

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Marijuana users show better health outcomes than non-users.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Marijuana use among non-tobacco-using females is also associated with an increased risk of cervical cancer.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage of increased psychosis by persons who have used cannabis?

<p>There is a 40% increased risk of psychosis in those who have used cannabis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Heavy cannabis use at the age of 18 decreased the risk of late-onset schizophrenia.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the effects of heavy cannabis use?

<p>Attention, memory, and processing impairments. (B), Deficits in math and verbal communication. (C), High risk of college dropout. (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Marijuana is the second most frequently found substance in the bodies of drivers involved in fatal car accidents.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cannabis has been shown to reduce which types of pain?

<p>Chronic Pain (A), Spasticity from Multiple Sclerosis (B), Neuropathic Pain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cannabis has been shown to reduce pain, appetite, and nausea among cancer patients.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the legal cannabis sales projected to hit by 2026?

<p>Legal cannabis sales are projected to hit $52 billion by 2026.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How much money did Excise taxes raise on cannabis?

<p>Excise taxes on cannabis have raised $3.7 billion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Missouri tax for medical and recreational marijuana?

<p>Missouri has a 4% tax on medical marijuana and a 6% tax on recreational marijuana.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How much is the Missouri Marijuana Dispensary lottery application fee and annual license fee?

<p>The Missouri Marijuana Dispensary lottery application fee is $6,000, and the annual license fee is $10,000.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How much is a medical marijuana card in Missouri for application and renewal?

<p>The cost of a medical marijuana card in Missouri is $25.94 for both application and renewal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many licensed dispensaries are there operating in Missouri, and how many new licenses will be issued by 2025?

<p>Currently, 210 licensed dispensaries are operating in Missouri. An additional 144 new licenses will be issued by 2025.</p> Signup and view all the answers

When did Missouri marijuana sales begin?

<p>Marijuana sales in Missouri began in February 2023.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many jobs have been created by the cannabis industry?

<p>The cannabis industry has created 440,000 jobs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the gross profit margin for a cannabis company?

<p>The gross profit margin for a cannabis company is typically 12%.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How much in cannabis products has been sold since legalization in Missouri?

<p>$2 billion worth of cannabis products have been sold since legalization in Missouri.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Gateway Drug Theory?

<p>The Gateway Drug Theory suggests that the use of certain drugs, such as alcohol or marijuana, can lead to the use of and dependence on harder drugs like cocaine or heroin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How often does someone die from a drug overdose in the US?

<p>Every 7 minutes, someone dies from a drug overdose in the US.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are opioids?

<p>Opioids are a class of drugs that include heroin, synthetics such as fentanyl, and pain relievers available by prescription, such as oxycodone, hydrocodone, morphine, and others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many Americans, on average, died each day from an opioid related overdose in 2021?

<p>On average, 220 Americans died each day from an opioid-related overdose in 2021.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some policy approaches to stopping drug use?

<p>Economic - Fines and Tickets (A), Social - Education and Outreach (B), Criminal - Incarceration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did opioid deaths change from 2010 to 2019?

<p>Opioid deaths rose from 21,00 people in 2010 to 42,000 in 2017 and have remained steady through 2019.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Plain Language?

<p>Plain language is a technique to communicate clearly with patients to improve health literacy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

A person who has low health literacy will have a high utilization of which treatment services?

<p>People with low health literacy tend to have a higher utilization of hospitalization and emergency services.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is the most at risk for decreased health literacy?

<p>Elderly (B), Low income level (C), Limited English proficiency (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Universal Healthcare

Healthcare system that provides all residents with medical, dental, and mental health services without financial hardship. It's financed by taxes and administrated by the government, often involving a combination of private and public coverage.

Single-Payer System

Healthcare system financed by taxes, covering essential healthcare for all residents. The government pays for these services, but doesn't necessarily deliver them. Other public or private funds can also contribute.

Socialized Medicine

A fully government-run healthcare system. The government provides all services, including doctors, nurses, and hospitals, and pays for all healthcare costs.

Bismarck Model

Healthcare system that uses sickness funds financed by employer and employee contributions through payroll deductions. Doctors and hospitals are private, but tightly regulated by the government.

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Beveridge Model

Healthcare system provided and financed by the government through taxes. Hospitals are usually publicly owned, and doctors receive their fees from the government. Full access regardless of income, but potentially long wait times.

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National Health Insurance Model

A hybrid of the Bismarck and Beveridge models. Private healthcare providers are funded by payroll and taxes, but the government runs a single-payer insurance program that everyone contributes to.

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Out-of-Pocket Model

Healthcare system found in developing countries and among the uninsured in the US. People pay for healthcare services at the point of service directly out of their own pockets.

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Health Literacy

A person's ability to obtain, process, and understand basic health information and services needed to make informed healthcare decisions

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Impact of Culture on Health Literacy

Culture can significantly influence how individuals understand and communicate about health literacy, shaping their health beliefs, healthcare choices, and responses to treatments.

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Factors Affecting Health Literacy

Health literacy depends on communication skills, knowledge of health topics, culture, healthcare systems, and the context or situation.

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AMI and SMI

AMI stands for Any Mental Illness, referring to any mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder. SMI stands for Serious Mental Illness, referring to a mental health disorder causing significant impairment.

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Prevalence of Mental Illness

Over 200 types of mental illnesses exist, and over 50% of Americans will experience some form of mental illness in their lifetime.

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Impact of Mental Illness

Mental disorders can affect physical health, parenting, work, finances, relationships, and everyday activities.

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DALY: Disability Adjusted Life Year

A unit for measuring health loss due to a disease or injury, representing the years lost to premature death and years lived with disability.

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Mental Health Costs

Mental illness costs the US around $200 billion annually. Direct costs include healthcare and equipment, while indirect costs include lost productivity, wages, and quality of life.

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Assisted Outpatient Treatment (AOT)

Court-ordered treatment programs for individuals with mental illnesses, focusing on comprehensive care, including medication management, therapy, and support services.

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Kendra's Law

Legislation that allows judges to order individuals with mental illness to undergo psychiatric treatment if they meet certain criteria, ensuring they receive necessary care.

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Opioid Crisis

A public health emergency characterized by a rapid increase in opioid-related overdoses and deaths, primarily due to prescription painkillers and heroin.

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Gateway Drug Theory

The idea that using certain drugs can increase the likelihood of using and becoming addicted to harder drugs. While debated, some drugs like marijuana may serve as a gateway to others.

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Marijuana Laws: Decriminalized

Marijuana possession is still illegal, but law enforcement prioritizes other crimes and generally avoids enforcing marijuana laws.

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Marijuana Laws: Medical Marijuana

A state law allowing the use of marijuana for medical purposes with a physician's recommendation, allowing access to cannabis for specific ailments.

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Marijuana Laws: Recreational

Marijuana is legal for recreational use, treated similarly to other legal substances like alcohol.

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Marijuana's Impact on Health

Evidence has shown that marijuana use can negatively impact health outcomes, including increased risk of psychosis, cognitive impairments, and potential for addiction.

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Marijuana's Potential Benefits

Marijuana has shown promising potential for reducing pain, nausea, and spasticity. It might also help with appetite stimulation in cancer patients.

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Cannabis Industry Growth

The legalization of recreational marijuana has led to a booming cannabis industry, creating jobs, generating tax revenue, and driving economic growth.

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Preemption: Federal vs. State Laws

Federal law takes priority over state laws when both cover the same issue. This means marijuana remains illegal federally, even if legal in some states.

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Study Notes

Healthcare Theories

  • Universal Healthcare provides all citizens with healthcare (medical, dental, and mental health) without financial strain. It's funded by taxes and managed by the government, often with elements of private and public coverage.

  • Single-Payer Systems are financed by taxes and cover essential healthcare. The government funds the costs, but doesn't necessarily provide the care itself. This can sometimes include other public or private funding. Potential issues include waiting lists for procedures.

  • Socialized Medicine is a government-run and delivered healthcare system. The government pays for all services, including doctors, nurses, and hospital facilities.

Healthcare Models Worldwide

  • Bismarck Model: Insurance system (Sickness Funds) financed jointly by employers/employees. Private doctors and hospitals, fixed prices, tight government regulation. Used in Germany, France, Belgium, Japan, Netherlands, and Switzerland.

  • Beveridge Model: Healthcare provided and financed by the government via taxes. Government-owned hospitals, doctors paid by the government. Full access for all, but potential for long wait times. Used in Great Britain, Spain, Scandinavia, New Zealand and in some ways by Hong Kong and Cuba.

  • National Health Insurance: Combines elements of Bismarck and Beveridge. Uses private providers but funded via payroll and taxes (like Bismarck), and the government-run insurance program has market power to lower prices (like Beveridge). Can have longer wait times. Used in Canada, Taiwan, and South Korea.

  • Out-of-Pocket Model: Found primarily in developing countries and among the uninsured in the U.S. People pay for services directly. Lack of payment can lead to a lack of access.

US Healthcare System

  • The U.S. uses a mixed system incorporating aspects of all four models (Bismarck, Beveridge, NHI and Out-of-Pocket)

Mental Illness in the US

  • Approximately 50% of Americans will experience a mental illness in their lifetime.
  • Serious Mental Illness (SMI) affects roughly 15.4 million people. About 10% are highly problematic, 50% are not receiving treatment, and 1% are excessively dangerous.
  • Roughly one-third (33.3%) of homeless individuals have severe psychiatric disorders.
  • 6% of adult ER visits involve mental illness.
  • Mentally ill inmates cost 60% more in care than non-mentally ill inmates, largely due to psychiatric medication expenses.

Health Literacy

  • Health literacy is the ability to understand, obtain, and process health information to make good decisions.
  • It impacts health outcomes, costs, and the quality of care.
  • Older adults, low-income people, those with limited education, minorities, and those with limited English proficiency are at higher risk of low health literacy. The average reading level of the adult population is approximately 7th-8th grade.

Cannabis

  • Cannabis use is correlated with detrimental impacts on overall wellbeing.
  • It's rated as a schedule 1 drug, meaning it has no accepted medical use.
  • Heavy cannabis use at a young age may increase the chance of late-onset schizophrenia.

Opioid Crisis

  • Opioid-related overdoses resulted in 220 average daily deaths per day in 2021.
  • Opioids include synthetic drugs like fentanyl, as well as pain relievers.

Other Key Points

  • Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), proclaimed by UN , recognizes healthcare as a right. (US did not ratify article 25)
  • Second most common cancer in US males is prostate cancer.
  • Prostate cancer accounts for less than 5% deaths due to cancer.
  • Approximately 113.4 cases of prostate cancer are diagnosed per 100,000 men each year.
  • AOT: Assisted Outpatient Treatment, a holistic approach that helps reduce hospitalizations, homelessness and arrests for people with mental illness.

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Description

Explore the various healthcare theories and models used around the globe. From Universal Healthcare to the Bismarck and Beveridge models, this quiz will test your understanding of how different systems operate. Learn about the advantages and challenges each model presents.

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