Health Psychology: Eating and Weight Management
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Questions and Answers

What is a significant challenge faced by individuals attempting to maintain weight loss?

  • Maintaining weight loss can be as difficult as quitting smoking. (correct)
  • Weight is always regained within a year.
  • Most participants achieve permanent weight loss.
  • Weight loss is typically irreversible.

What percentage of weight loss is likely to be regained by individuals in commercial weight loss programs within 1 to 2 years?

  • 40%
  • 60%
  • 30%
  • 50% (correct)

What effect can dieting have on an individual aside from weight loss?

  • Improved self-esteem and body image.
  • Positive psychological well-being.
  • Permanent changes to metabolism.
  • Potential for developing eating disorders. (correct)

What must an individual do to successfully maintain weight loss?

<p>Make permanent behavioral changes related to eating and physical activity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the psychological factors that may lead to unhealthy dieting behaviors?

<p>Body dissatisfaction. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception about weight management?

<p>Weight is only influenced by exercise levels. (B), Weight management has no connection to psychological factors. (C), Weight management is solely based on diet. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is often overlooked in weight management?

<p>The influence of social environments. (A), Stress and emotional factors. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does psychological well-being affect weight management?

<p>Positive psychological states can lead to better lifestyle choices. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do environmental factors play in weight management?

<p>They shape the context and choices available for individuals. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is considered a critical factor in successful weight loss?

<p>Establishing sustainable lifestyle changes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the relationship between diet and exercise in weight management?

<p>Both are equally important and should be balanced. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can trigger unhealthy weight gain according to common beliefs?

<p>Increased stress leading to emotional eating. (B), Metabolism slowing down with age. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect must be prioritized in an effective weight management plan?

<p>Understanding individual body responses. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Setpoint Model suggest about body weight?

<p>The body maintains a genetically predetermined weight. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How has the social perception of obesity changed over time?

<p>It was once seen as a sign of beauty and prosperity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following health risks is associated with obesity?

<p>Greater chance of cardiovascular disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do leptin and ghrelin play in the Setpoint Model?

<p>They function to manage hunger and energy balance. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Positive Incentive Model focus on?

<p>Biological, social, and psychological motivations for eating. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes genetic explanations for obesity?

<p>They propose that genetics have evolved to store fat efficiently. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How prevalent is obesity among adults in the United States?

<p>About 40% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant health issue faced by obese individuals?

<p>Higher chances of developing type 2 diabetes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary behavior associated with anorexia nervosa?

<p>Intentional self-starvation for weight loss (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group is most disproportionately affected by anorexia nervosa?

<p>Women (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Despite significant weight loss, how do individuals with anorexia nervosa perceive themselves?

<p>As severely overweight (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mortality rate associated with anorexia nervosa?

<p>3% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of treatment has been found to be less successful for anorexia nervosa?

<p>Inpatient treatment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of individuals with anorexia nervosa are expected to recover?

<p>75% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common behavior that individuals may maintain after treatment for anorexia nervosa?

<p>Some level of disordered eating behavior (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the nature of eating disorders is correct?

<p>They reflect habitual disturbances in eating behavior. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common criticism of diets that cause sudden weight loss?

<p>They tend to be ineffective in the long term. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered essential for a healthy diet?

<p>High fiber from fruits and vegetables (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How often is exercise recommended for effective weight loss?

<p>At least three times a week (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key focus of Behavior Modification Programs?

<p>Changing eating habits for healthier foods (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What might be a recommendation for extremely obese individuals looking to lose weight?

<p>Drastic methods including surgical interventions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is categorized as a dangerous method of weight loss?

<p>Fasting and purging (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about exercise is true regarding weight control?

<p>It contributes to a caloric deficit. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What may result from increased physical activity alongside dieting?

<p>Improved cardiovascular health (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does age influence the risks associated with obesity?

<p>Older individuals run higher risks from being obese. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor may complicate the risks linked to obesity aside from age?

<p>Ethnicity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What specific fat distribution is mentioned as being associated with health risks?

<p>Beer belly (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the relationship between fat distribution and health risks characterized?

<p>Certain fat distributions are associated with specific health risks. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which demographic is likely to experience different levels of risk from obesity?

<p>Adults from a variety of ethnic backgrounds (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What health implications are associated with a 'beer belly'?

<p>Increased risk of certain health problems (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements reflects a misconception about obesity risks?

<p>Obesity affects all ethnic groups equally. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What additional factors can influence obesity-related health risks?

<p>Diet, exercise, and lifestyle choices (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Weight Management Factors

Aspects influencing weight, like diet and exercise.

Chapter 14

A chapter in a health psychology textbook focusing on eating and weight.

Health Psychology

Study of how psychological factors affect health.

Eating and Weight

Interconnected areas of study related to health.

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Factors in Weight Management

Elements directly related to managing weight.

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10th Edition

Indicates the version number of a textbook.

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Copyright ©2022

Indicates a copyright holder and year.

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Cengage

Publisher of the textbook.

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Defining Obesity

Determining obesity is challenging due to individual variations in body composition, skeletal structure, and muscle mass.

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Setpoint Model

The body has an internal weight regulation mechanism that tries to maintain a specific body weight.

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Genetic Explanation of Obesity

Obesity can be influenced by genetics, possibly due to evolutionary adaptations for food storage.

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Positive Incentive Model

Pleasure, social situations, and biological factors can encourage eating.

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Obesity Health Risks

Obesity significantly increases the likelihood of various health problems like heart disease, diabetes, high blood pressure, and arthritis.

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Social View of Obesity

Historical views of obesity have shifted, from associating it with prosperity to recognizing its health implications.

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Obesity Epidemic

A large portion of the population in some regions, like the US, is considered obese.

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Mortality Risk of Obesity

Being obese correlates with an increased risk of premature death and associated health complications.

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Obesity Risk Factors

Factors that increase the likelihood of experiencing negative health outcomes due to being overweight.

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Age & Obesity Risk

Older individuals tend to face greater health risks associated with obesity compared to younger individuals.

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Ethnicity & Obesity Risk

Different ethnic groups may have varying levels of risk related to obesity due to genetic predispositions, cultural factors, or environmental influences.

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Fat Distribution & Risk

The location where fat is stored in the body can impact health risks, even for individuals with the same overall body weight.

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What's a 'Beer Belly'?

A term often used to describe excess abdominal fat, particularly around the stomach area.

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Beer Belly Health Risks

Excess abdominal fat, as seen in a 'beer belly,' is linked to various health risks such as heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and certain cancers.

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Fat Distribution & Risk

Different body fat distribution patterns can carry different health risks. For example, a 'beer belly' carries higher risks than fat stored elsewhere.

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Maintaining Weight Loss

Keeping lost weight off long-term, often challenging like quitting smoking.

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Weight Loss Program Success

Commercial programs often see people regaining 50% of lost weight within 1-2 years.

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Surgical Weight Loss

Surgery can help maintain weight loss, but success relies on lasting behavioral changes.

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Dieting and Permanent Change

Dieting can work for weight loss, but only if changes to eating habits are permanent.

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Psychological Effects of Dieting

Dieting can negatively impact mental health, leading to unhealthy eating habits and potentially disorders.

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Dieting

Intentional changes in eating habits to lose weight. This can involve limiting certain foods, controlling calorie intake, or focusing on specific food types.

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Calorie Deficit

When you burn more calories than you consume through exercise and diet, leading to weight loss.

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Restricting Food Types

A weight loss method involving eliminating categories of food like carbs, fats, or processed sugars.

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High Fiber Intake

Consuming plenty of fiber-rich foods, mainly fruits and vegetables, which is essential for overall health.

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Behavior Modification

A weight-loss approach focusing on changing eating habits by incorporating healthier choices and limiting unhealthy ones.

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Exercise for Weight Loss

Physical activity that burns calories, creating a calorie deficit, and aiding weight loss.

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Drastic Weight Loss Methods

Extreme measures to lose weight quickly, often risky and potentially harmful, including fasting, purging, or using drugs like laxatives.

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Anorexia Nervosa

An eating disorder where individuals intentionally starve themselves to lose weight drastically, often despite being severely underweight.

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Eating Disorders

Serious mental health conditions characterized by unhealthy eating habits and behaviors that affect physical and mental health.

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Bulimia

An eating disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of binge eating followed by purging behaviors like vomiting, laxative use, or excessive exercise.

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Treatment for Anorexia

Treatment for anorexia is challenging due to the complex psychological and physical aspects of the disorder. It involves a combination of therapies, including nutritional counseling, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and medical monitoring.

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Mortality Rate of Anorexia

Anorexia has a high mortality rate, with 3% of individuals with the disorder dying from complications associated with starvation, electrolyte imbalances, or suicide.

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Recovery from Anorexia

While 75% of individuals with anorexia recover, many continue to experience some level of disordered eating behaviors even after treatment.

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Effectiveness of Treatment

Inpatient treatment for anorexia is less successful than outpatient, community-based approaches, highlighting the importance of support and therapy outside of hospital settings.

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Study Notes

Health Psychology: Eating and Weight

  • Stable weight occurs when energy intake equals energy output (calories consumed equal calories burned through physical activity). Imbalances lead to weight loss or gain.
  • Metabolic rate is a key factor in energy output.
  • Leptin signals the need for more food. Insulin helps the hypothalamus understand when enough food has been consumed. Ghrelin stimulates appetite and lowers metabolism. Cholecystokinin signals satiation (fullness).
  • Ancel Keys' 1950s starvation experiment showed that subjects lost 25% of their body weight but regained it and often more after the experiment, with increased aggression during the study.

Factors in Weight Management

  • The text discusses factors that contribute to weight management, with the key concepts of energy intake, energy output, and metabolic rate.

Experimental Starvation

  • Stable weights are maintained when energy intake matches energy output.
  • The study by Keys demonstrates that participants became more aggressive during starvation and regained weight, in some cases gaining more than before the study began.

Experimental Overeating

  • An experiment involving prisoners revealed an initial easy weight gain but increasing difficulty thereafter with the requirement of increasingly greater consumption for continued weight gain.
  • At the end of the study the majority of prisoners lost the weight, and two participants had significant difficulty losing the weight, despite no prior history of obesity and the presence of obesity within the prisoners' family histories.

Overeating and Obesity

  • Defining obesity is complex. "Big boned" individuals may have a larger skeletal structure, not necessarily more fat.
  • Social perception of being fat has changed over time.
  • Obesity is currently an epidemic; approximately 40% of US adults are considered obese.

Why Are Some People Obese?

  • The Setpoint Model proposes an internal "thermostat" that regulates body weight. The body activates hormones to return to its perceived ideal weight even when individuals lose weight.
  • Genetic factors influence metabolism and body weight. A "thrifty" metabolism is adapted to store energy when readily available.
  • The Positive Incentive Model highlights positive reinforcement factors in eating such as pleasure, social context, and biological drives.

How Unhealthy is Obesity?

  • Obesity is a significant health risk, increasing the likelihood of various health issues including cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, and osteoarthritis.
  • Risk is also impacted by factors such as age and ethnicity.
  • Body fat distribution can affect risk, with "beer bellies" (abdominal fat) associated with numerous severe negative health implications.

Dieting

  • Dieting methods involve altering eating habits, types of food, and watching calorie intake and energy output. Often sudden loss is not permanent.
  • Restricting types of food such as reducing carbohydrates, fats, and/or processed sugars are popular but potentially hazardous methods of weight loss. Diet-related high fiber intake may serve as a positive benefit for weight loss.
  • Behavior modification programs aim to change eating habits to include healthier food choices.

Approaches to Losing Weight

  • Exercise plays a vital role in weight control, leading to caloric deficit (burning more calories than consumed). Exercise improves cardiovascular health and can help manage or improve type 2 diabetes.
  • Drastic methods for rapid weight loss exist in the form of surgical procedures such as gastric bypass or banding. Dietary risks and dangers from unsafe methodology include fasting, purging, and drugs such as laxatives and appetite suppressants.
  • Maintaining weight loss is a significant challenge and relapse is common after commercial weight loss programs. Success in surgical interventions in weight loss interventions demonstrates that behavioral changes assist in maintaining weight loss.

Is Dieting a Good Choice?

  • While diet can result in weight loss, long-term success depends on sustainability.
  • Shifting eating habits intended for weight loss may result in return to prior habits leading the individual to regain weight lost. Such shifts in habits may trigger psychological issues to include, but not limited to, eating disorders.
  • Results from the pursuit of weight loss can contribute to body dissatisfaction and may lead to eating disorders.

Eating Disorders

  • Eating disorders are characterized by serious eating behavior that leads to negative health consequences.
  • Anorexia nervosa involves intentional self-starvation characterized by a serious disturbance in eating habits to drastically reduce weight. Mortality rate is high in Anorexia Nervosa.
  • Bulimia nervosa involves episodes of binge eating followed by purging (vomiting or using laxatives). This can lead to several health complications and even mortality, although rate of mortality is lower than anorexia nervosa.
  • Binge eating disorder includes uncontrolled episodes of binge eating without subsequent purging. Cognitive behavioral therapy is useful for this condition.

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Health Psychology Chapter 14 PDF

Description

This quiz covers essential concepts in health psychology related to eating behaviors and weight management. It explores the balance of energy intake and output, the roles of various hormones in appetite regulation, and findings from historical studies on starvation. Understanding these factors is crucial for effective weight management.

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