Podcast
Questions and Answers
Within the framework of modifiable health determinants, how does the concept of 'agency' interplay with socioeconomic gradients in shaping individual health outcomes, considering the dynamic interplay between structural constraints and individual volition?
Within the framework of modifiable health determinants, how does the concept of 'agency' interplay with socioeconomic gradients in shaping individual health outcomes, considering the dynamic interplay between structural constraints and individual volition?
- Socioeconomic conditions dictate health outcomes, rendering individual agency negligible in the face of systemic inequalities and resource disparities.
- Agency operates independently of socioeconomic context, allowing individuals to transcend structural limitations through sheer willpower and informed decision-making.
- Agency is inversely proportional to socioeconomic status, with marginalized populations exhibiting heightened resilience and adaptability in navigating environmental stressors.
- Agency is mediated by socioeconomic factors, wherein access to resources, education, and opportunities empowers individuals to enact health-promoting behaviors within the confines of their structural realities. (correct)
Considering the multifaceted nature of health behaviors, how can interventions be strategically designed to simultaneously target health-promotion, health-protection, and health-detection behaviors to achieve synergistic effects in mitigating chronic disease burden across diverse populations?
Considering the multifaceted nature of health behaviors, how can interventions be strategically designed to simultaneously target health-promotion, health-protection, and health-detection behaviors to achieve synergistic effects in mitigating chronic disease burden across diverse populations?
- Prioritize health-promotion behaviors as the primary focus, assuming that improvements in overall wellness will cascade into better health-protection and detection practices.
- Focus exclusively on health-detection behaviors to identify and manage existing conditions, thereby minimizing the need for preventive measures.
- Develop integrated, multi-component interventions that address underlying determinants of health behaviors while reinforcing complementary actions across all three domains to amplify impact. (correct)
- Implement siloed interventions targeting each behavior independently to maximize specificity and avoid potential conflicts in messaging.
Given the complexities inherent in modifying health behaviors, what cognitive and behavioral strategies could be employed to counteract the pervasive influence of confirmation bias and cognitive dissonance, thereby fostering the adoption of evidence-based practices in the face of conflicting personal beliefs and ingrained habits?
Given the complexities inherent in modifying health behaviors, what cognitive and behavioral strategies could be employed to counteract the pervasive influence of confirmation bias and cognitive dissonance, thereby fostering the adoption of evidence-based practices in the face of conflicting personal beliefs and ingrained habits?
- Employ fear-based appeals to induce compliance with recommended health behaviors, leveraging the power of negative reinforcement to override cognitive biases.
- Employ techniques such as motivational interviewing and cognitive restructuring and also provide objective, non-judgmental evidence to encourage critical self-reflection and belief updating aligning behaviors with evidence. (correct)
- Provide individuals with curated information that selectively reinforces pre-existing beliefs, thereby minimizing cognitive dissonance and facilitating incremental behavioral changes.
- Utilize social pressure and normative influence to coerce individuals into adopting recommended health behaviors, capitalizing on the innate desire for social acceptance and conformity.
In the context of sick-role behaviors, how can healthcare providers effectively differentiate between genuine illness-related behaviors and malingering tendencies, while simultaneously upholding patient autonomy and fostering trust in the therapeutic relationship, particularly in the absence of definitive diagnostic markers?
In the context of sick-role behaviors, how can healthcare providers effectively differentiate between genuine illness-related behaviors and malingering tendencies, while simultaneously upholding patient autonomy and fostering trust in the therapeutic relationship, particularly in the absence of definitive diagnostic markers?
Considering the social ecological model, how do macro-level policies (e.g., taxation, zoning laws) interact with individual-level health behaviors, and what unintended consequences might arise from policies designed to promote population health?
Considering the social ecological model, how do macro-level policies (e.g., taxation, zoning laws) interact with individual-level health behaviors, and what unintended consequences might arise from policies designed to promote population health?
How can behavior change theories be integrated to create effective health interventions, considering the unique challenges posed by complex health behaviors such as adherence to long-term medication regimens or sustained lifestyle modifications for chronic disease management?
How can behavior change theories be integrated to create effective health interventions, considering the unique challenges posed by complex health behaviors such as adherence to long-term medication regimens or sustained lifestyle modifications for chronic disease management?
In the context of health behavior research, what are the key methodological challenges associated with accurately measuring and interpreting self-reported data on sensitive behaviors such as substance use or sexual activity, and how can researchers mitigate biases and enhance the validity of their findings?
In the context of health behavior research, what are the key methodological challenges associated with accurately measuring and interpreting self-reported data on sensitive behaviors such as substance use or sexual activity, and how can researchers mitigate biases and enhance the validity of their findings?
Considering ethical considerations in health behavior interventions, how can researchers and practitioners navigate the tension between promoting population health and respecting individual autonomy, particularly when interventions involve nudging, incentives, or other forms of behavioral manipulation designed to influence health choices?
Considering ethical considerations in health behavior interventions, how can researchers and practitioners navigate the tension between promoting population health and respecting individual autonomy, particularly when interventions involve nudging, incentives, or other forms of behavioral manipulation designed to influence health choices?
A patient with a complex medication regimen for managing multiple chronic conditions demonstrates inconsistent adherence. Which intervention strategy, addressing the most fundamental behavioral aspect of adherence, should be prioritized to establish a foundational improvement in adherence?
A patient with a complex medication regimen for managing multiple chronic conditions demonstrates inconsistent adherence. Which intervention strategy, addressing the most fundamental behavioral aspect of adherence, should be prioritized to establish a foundational improvement in adherence?
Consider a patient newly diagnosed with diabetes who expresses skepticism about the necessity of rigorous blood glucose monitoring. Which strategy, targeting the patient's cognitive understanding and acceptance of the treatment rationale, would be most effective?
Consider a patient newly diagnosed with diabetes who expresses skepticism about the necessity of rigorous blood glucose monitoring. Which strategy, targeting the patient's cognitive understanding and acceptance of the treatment rationale, would be most effective?
A researcher aims to evaluate the efficacy of a novel intervention designed to improve medication adherence among patients with cognitive impairments. Which method of adherence assessment poses the greatest risk of producing inaccurate or misleading data due to cognitive limitations?
A researcher aims to evaluate the efficacy of a novel intervention designed to improve medication adherence among patients with cognitive impairments. Which method of adherence assessment poses the greatest risk of producing inaccurate or misleading data due to cognitive limitations?
In the context of managing chronic stress, what is the most critical distinction between acute and chronic stress regarding their respective impacts on physiological and psychological well-being?
In the context of managing chronic stress, what is the most critical distinction between acute and chronic stress regarding their respective impacts on physiological and psychological well-being?
A highly successful executive experiences persistent work-related stress, which she perceives as insurmountable due to organizational restructuring and increased demands. Which intervention should be prioritized to mitigate the adverse effects of chronic stress in this scenario?
A highly successful executive experiences persistent work-related stress, which she perceives as insurmountable due to organizational restructuring and increased demands. Which intervention should be prioritized to mitigate the adverse effects of chronic stress in this scenario?
An individual consistently underreports their medication adherence during self-report assessments, despite objective measures indicating suboptimal adherence. Which theoretical framework best explains this discrepancy, considering the interplay of cognitive, social, and motivational factors?
An individual consistently underreports their medication adherence during self-report assessments, despite objective measures indicating suboptimal adherence. Which theoretical framework best explains this discrepancy, considering the interplay of cognitive, social, and motivational factors?
A patient is prescribed a new antihypertensive medication but expresses concerns that potential side effects may negatively impact their active lifestyle and social engagements. How should the healthcare provider most effectively address this concern to promote adherence while respecting the patient's autonomy?
A patient is prescribed a new antihypertensive medication but expresses concerns that potential side effects may negatively impact their active lifestyle and social engagements. How should the healthcare provider most effectively address this concern to promote adherence while respecting the patient's autonomy?
A community health psychologist seeks to design an intervention targeting adherence to preventative health behaviors among a socioeconomically disadvantaged population. Which of the following strategies would MOST comprehensively address the systemic barriers that commonly hinder adherence to preventative care in such populations?
A community health psychologist seeks to design an intervention targeting adherence to preventative health behaviors among a socioeconomically disadvantaged population. Which of the following strategies would MOST comprehensively address the systemic barriers that commonly hinder adherence to preventative care in such populations?
Within the multifaceted framework of health psychology, which of the following scenarios BEST exemplifies a synergistic integration of primary and secondary prevention strategies targeting cardiovascular health?
Within the multifaceted framework of health psychology, which of the following scenarios BEST exemplifies a synergistic integration of primary and secondary prevention strategies targeting cardiovascular health?
Considering the complexities of health psychology interventions, which scenario would MOST effectively leverage tertiary prevention strategies to enhance the quality of life for individuals diagnosed with advanced-stage Parkinson's disease?
Considering the complexities of health psychology interventions, which scenario would MOST effectively leverage tertiary prevention strategies to enhance the quality of life for individuals diagnosed with advanced-stage Parkinson's disease?
In the realm of health psychology, how might a researcher rigorously assess the impact of a novel, community-based intervention designed to promote adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) among marginalized populations living with HIV/AIDS, accounting for potential confounding variables?
In the realm of health psychology, how might a researcher rigorously assess the impact of a novel, community-based intervention designed to promote adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) among marginalized populations living with HIV/AIDS, accounting for potential confounding variables?
Considering the intricate interplay of biological, psychological, and social determinants of health, what represents the MOST ecologically valid research design to investigate the long-term impact of early childhood adversity on chronic disease risk in adulthood?
Considering the intricate interplay of biological, psychological, and social determinants of health, what represents the MOST ecologically valid research design to investigate the long-term impact of early childhood adversity on chronic disease risk in adulthood?
When faced with ethical considerations in conducting health psychology research, which action BEST reflects a commitment to upholding participant autonomy and minimizing potential harm, especially when investigating sensitive topics such as substance abuse or intimate partner violence?
When faced with ethical considerations in conducting health psychology research, which action BEST reflects a commitment to upholding participant autonomy and minimizing potential harm, especially when investigating sensitive topics such as substance abuse or intimate partner violence?
Considering the complexities inherent in designing effective health behavior change interventions, which approach would MOST likely yield sustainable improvements in long-term adherence to a complex medication regimen among older adults with multiple comorbidities?
Considering the complexities inherent in designing effective health behavior change interventions, which approach would MOST likely yield sustainable improvements in long-term adherence to a complex medication regimen among older adults with multiple comorbidities?
In the context of health psychology, which paradigm offers the MOST nuanced framework for understanding how individuals interpret and respond to ambiguous health-related symptoms, ultimately influencing their healthcare-seeking behavior and adherence to medical recommendations?
In the context of health psychology, which paradigm offers the MOST nuanced framework for understanding how individuals interpret and respond to ambiguous health-related symptoms, ultimately influencing their healthcare-seeking behavior and adherence to medical recommendations?
When aiming to address disparities in access to preventive healthcare services among underserved populations, which strategic approach demonstrates the MOST comprehensive and culturally sensitive integration of health psychology principles?
When aiming to address disparities in access to preventive healthcare services among underserved populations, which strategic approach demonstrates the MOST comprehensive and culturally sensitive integration of health psychology principles?
Within the framework of social support mechanisms impacting health outcomes, what nuanced distinction differentiates appraisal support from informational support, particularly concerning their influence on an individual's coping strategies when facing ambiguous health challenges?
Within the framework of social support mechanisms impacting health outcomes, what nuanced distinction differentiates appraisal support from informational support, particularly concerning their influence on an individual's coping strategies when facing ambiguous health challenges?
Considering the multifaceted impact of social connections on chronic disease mitigation, under which specific condition would the benefits of strong social ties be most significantly attenuated in preventing cardiovascular disease, accounting for genetic predispositions and lifestyle factors?
Considering the multifaceted impact of social connections on chronic disease mitigation, under which specific condition would the benefits of strong social ties be most significantly attenuated in preventing cardiovascular disease, accounting for genetic predispositions and lifestyle factors?
In the context of recovery from acute myocardial infarction (AMI), which specific subtype of social support is most critically associated with enhanced cardiac rehabilitation adherence and reduced readmission rates, considering individual differences in coping styles and perceived self-efficacy?
In the context of recovery from acute myocardial infarction (AMI), which specific subtype of social support is most critically associated with enhanced cardiac rehabilitation adherence and reduced readmission rates, considering individual differences in coping styles and perceived self-efficacy?
Within the realm of psychoneuroimmunology, how does chronic social isolation epigenetically modulate immune cell function, specifically impacting the balance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine production, and what are the long-term health ramifications?
Within the realm of psychoneuroimmunology, how does chronic social isolation epigenetically modulate immune cell function, specifically impacting the balance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine production, and what are the long-term health ramifications?
Considering the complex interplay between social relationships and telomere length – a biomarker of cellular aging – what specific neuroendocrine pathway mediates the detrimental effects of chronic social stress on telomere attrition, accounting for individual variations in stress reactivity and coping efficacy?
Considering the complex interplay between social relationships and telomere length – a biomarker of cellular aging – what specific neuroendocrine pathway mediates the detrimental effects of chronic social stress on telomere attrition, accounting for individual variations in stress reactivity and coping efficacy?
In the context of social network analysis and health behavior propagation, under what specific network topology and individual influence characteristics would a novel health-promoting behavior (e.g., consistent meditation practice) exhibit the most rapid and widespread diffusion throughout a community, considering the presence of confounding cultural norms and belief systems?
In the context of social network analysis and health behavior propagation, under what specific network topology and individual influence characteristics would a novel health-promoting behavior (e.g., consistent meditation practice) exhibit the most rapid and widespread diffusion throughout a community, considering the presence of confounding cultural norms and belief systems?
Considering the known association between social support and improved immune function, what is the most plausible mechanism by which strong social ties could mitigate the severity of autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis or multiple sclerosis, at the level of T-cell regulation and cytokine signaling?
Considering the known association between social support and improved immune function, what is the most plausible mechanism by which strong social ties could mitigate the severity of autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis or multiple sclerosis, at the level of T-cell regulation and cytokine signaling?
In the context of social neuroscience, how does the perception of social exclusion or loneliness – even in the absence of objective social isolation – specifically alter neural activity within the 'social brain' network (e.g., anterior cingulate cortex, insula, amygdala) and what are the potential downstream consequences for cognitive function and emotional regulation?
In the context of social neuroscience, how does the perception of social exclusion or loneliness – even in the absence of objective social isolation – specifically alter neural activity within the 'social brain' network (e.g., anterior cingulate cortex, insula, amygdala) and what are the potential downstream consequences for cognitive function and emotional regulation?
Within the framework of operant conditioning, which of the following strategies would MOST effectively leverage partial reinforcement to sustain adherence to a newly adopted, rigorous physical therapy regimen post-acute injury?
Within the framework of operant conditioning, which of the following strategies would MOST effectively leverage partial reinforcement to sustain adherence to a newly adopted, rigorous physical therapy regimen post-acute injury?
Considering the multifaceted nature of Social Cognitive Theory, what represents the MOST comprehensive approach to bolstering a patient's self-efficacy in managing a chronic autoimmune condition through lifestyle modifications?
Considering the multifaceted nature of Social Cognitive Theory, what represents the MOST comprehensive approach to bolstering a patient's self-efficacy in managing a chronic autoimmune condition through lifestyle modifications?
In a smoking cessation program leveraging classical conditioning principles, which intervention would MOST effectively create an aversion to smoking?
In a smoking cessation program leveraging classical conditioning principles, which intervention would MOST effectively create an aversion to smoking?
An individual undergoing rehabilitation following a traumatic brain injury (TBI) exhibits significant deficits in executive functioning and self-regulation. Which intervention strategy, grounded in operant conditioning principles, would be MOST effective in promoting consistent engagement in cognitive exercises designed to improve these deficits?
An individual undergoing rehabilitation following a traumatic brain injury (TBI) exhibits significant deficits in executive functioning and self-regulation. Which intervention strategy, grounded in operant conditioning principles, would be MOST effective in promoting consistent engagement in cognitive exercises designed to improve these deficits?
Considering the application of social comparison theory in promoting adherence to a rigorous diabetes management plan, which strategy is MOST likely to yield sustained positive outcomes for a newly diagnosed patient?
Considering the application of social comparison theory in promoting adherence to a rigorous diabetes management plan, which strategy is MOST likely to yield sustained positive outcomes for a newly diagnosed patient?
A health psychologist is designing an intervention to promote medication adherence among patients with chronic heart failure, integrating principles from both classical and operant conditioning. Which of the following approaches BEST exemplifies this integration?
A health psychologist is designing an intervention to promote medication adherence among patients with chronic heart failure, integrating principles from both classical and operant conditioning. Which of the following approaches BEST exemplifies this integration?
In the context of promoting long-term weight management following bariatric surgery, which intervention strategy MOST effectively leverages the principles of BOTH operant and classical conditioning to sustain healthy eating behaviors?
In the context of promoting long-term weight management following bariatric surgery, which intervention strategy MOST effectively leverages the principles of BOTH operant and classical conditioning to sustain healthy eating behaviors?
A researcher aims to design a health intervention to promote physical activity among sedentary older adults, integrating key components of Social Cognitive Theory. Which multi-faceted approach would be MOST effective in achieving this goal?
A researcher aims to design a health intervention to promote physical activity among sedentary older adults, integrating key components of Social Cognitive Theory. Which multi-faceted approach would be MOST effective in achieving this goal?
A researcher posits that adherence to a complex, multi-faceted treatment regimen is optimized when healthcare providers tailor their communication strategies to address both cognitive and emotional representations of illness. Which theoretical framework would MOST comprehensively explain this phenomenon?
A researcher posits that adherence to a complex, multi-faceted treatment regimen is optimized when healthcare providers tailor their communication strategies to address both cognitive and emotional representations of illness. Which theoretical framework would MOST comprehensively explain this phenomenon?
Consider a patient recently diagnosed with latent tuberculosis (TB) who demonstrates variable adherence to their prescribed isoniazid (INH) regimen. From a health psychology perspective, what intervention strategy would be MOST effective in promoting consistent medication adherence, assuming resource constraints necessitate a single, targeted approach?
Consider a patient recently diagnosed with latent tuberculosis (TB) who demonstrates variable adherence to their prescribed isoniazid (INH) regimen. From a health psychology perspective, what intervention strategy would be MOST effective in promoting consistent medication adherence, assuming resource constraints necessitate a single, targeted approach?
A clinical trial is designed to evaluate the efficacy of a novel mobile health (mHealth) intervention on medication adherence among patients with chronic heart failure. Which methodological approach would BEST account for the dynamic and context-dependent nature of adherence behaviors, providing the most ecologically valid assessment of the intervention's impact?
A clinical trial is designed to evaluate the efficacy of a novel mobile health (mHealth) intervention on medication adherence among patients with chronic heart failure. Which methodological approach would BEST account for the dynamic and context-dependent nature of adherence behaviors, providing the most ecologically valid assessment of the intervention's impact?
In the context of promoting lifestyle adherence among patients with pre-diabetes, which intervention strategy would be MOST effective in leveraging principles of self-regulation and behavior change maintenance, while also considering the potential for relapse?
In the context of promoting lifestyle adherence among patients with pre-diabetes, which intervention strategy would be MOST effective in leveraging principles of self-regulation and behavior change maintenance, while also considering the potential for relapse?
A patient with chronic pain is prescribed opioid analgesics and adjunctive physical therapy. Despite initial improvements, the patient's adherence to physical therapy declines over time, primarily due to perceived lack of immediate benefit and increasing discomfort during sessions. Which psychological intervention, integrated within the physical therapy sessions, would MOST effectively address these barriers and enhance long-term adherence?
A patient with chronic pain is prescribed opioid analgesics and adjunctive physical therapy. Despite initial improvements, the patient's adherence to physical therapy declines over time, primarily due to perceived lack of immediate benefit and increasing discomfort during sessions. Which psychological intervention, integrated within the physical therapy sessions, would MOST effectively address these barriers and enhance long-term adherence?
A health psychologist is tasked with designing an intervention to improve follow-up adherence among patients discharged from the emergency department (ED) after experiencing a transient ischemic attack (TIA). Which intervention component would be MOST effective in addressing common barriers to follow-up adherence, such as lack of awareness of the importance of follow-up care, logistical challenges (e.g., transportation, scheduling), and fear of receiving bad news?
A health psychologist is tasked with designing an intervention to improve follow-up adherence among patients discharged from the emergency department (ED) after experiencing a transient ischemic attack (TIA). Which intervention component would be MOST effective in addressing common barriers to follow-up adherence, such as lack of awareness of the importance of follow-up care, logistical challenges (e.g., transportation, scheduling), and fear of receiving bad news?
A researcher aims to investigate the impact of cultural beliefs on medication adherence among immigrant populations with type 2 diabetes. Which methodological approach would be MOST appropriate for elucidating the complex interplay between cultural factors, illness perceptions, and adherence behaviors, while also ensuring cultural sensitivity and minimizing potential biases?
A researcher aims to investigate the impact of cultural beliefs on medication adherence among immigrant populations with type 2 diabetes. Which methodological approach would be MOST appropriate for elucidating the complex interplay between cultural factors, illness perceptions, and adherence behaviors, while also ensuring cultural sensitivity and minimizing potential biases?
A patient with severe rheumatoid arthritis is prescribed a complex regimen of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), including both oral and injectable medications. The patient expresses significant concerns about the potential side effects, the complexity of the regimen, and the impact on their daily life. Which intervention strategy would be MOST effective in promoting long-term adherence to this challenging treatment plan, while also addressing the patient's specific concerns and preferences?
A patient with severe rheumatoid arthritis is prescribed a complex regimen of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), including both oral and injectable medications. The patient expresses significant concerns about the potential side effects, the complexity of the regimen, and the impact on their daily life. Which intervention strategy would be MOST effective in promoting long-term adherence to this challenging treatment plan, while also addressing the patient's specific concerns and preferences?
Flashcards
Promote Health and Well-being
Promote Health and Well-being
Improving physical and mental well-being through healthy behaviors.
Prevent Illness
Prevent Illness
Reducing risk factors to stop diseases before they start.
Promote Illness and Disability Management
Promote Illness and Disability Management
Helping people manage chronic conditions through support and treatment.
Primary Prevention
Primary Prevention
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Secondary Prevention
Secondary Prevention
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Tertiary Prevention
Tertiary Prevention
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Determinants of Health
Determinants of Health
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Types of Health Determinants
Types of Health Determinants
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Potentially Modifiable Determinants (Societal)
Potentially Modifiable Determinants (Societal)
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Potentially Modifiable Determinants (Individual)
Potentially Modifiable Determinants (Individual)
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Health Behaviours
Health Behaviours
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Health-Promotion Behaviours
Health-Promotion Behaviours
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Health-Protective Behaviours
Health-Protective Behaviours
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Health-Detection Behaviours
Health-Detection Behaviours
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Avoidance of Health Risk Behaviours
Avoidance of Health Risk Behaviours
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Sick-Role Behaviours
Sick-Role Behaviours
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Social Comparison
Social Comparison
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Classical Conditioning
Classical Conditioning
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Pairing and Positive Experiences
Pairing and Positive Experiences
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Associating and Negative Outcomes
Associating and Negative Outcomes
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Operant Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
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Positive Reinforcement
Positive Reinforcement
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Continuous Reinforcement
Continuous Reinforcement
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Self-Efficacy
Self-Efficacy
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Beliefs About Illness
Beliefs About Illness
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Adherence
Adherence
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Medication Adherence
Medication Adherence
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Lifestyle Adherence
Lifestyle Adherence
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Therapy Adherence
Therapy Adherence
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Monitoring Adherence
Monitoring Adherence
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Follow-up Adherence
Follow-up Adherence
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Intentional Non-Adherence
Intentional Non-Adherence
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Self-Monitoring
Self-Monitoring
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Reminders
Reminders
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Healthcare Relationship
Healthcare Relationship
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Social Support
Social Support
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Self-Reports
Self-Reports
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Stress Definition
Stress Definition
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Acute Stress
Acute Stress
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Chronic Stress
Chronic Stress
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Emotional Support
Emotional Support
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Instrumental Support
Instrumental Support
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Informational Support
Informational Support
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Appraisal Support
Appraisal Support
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Improved Immune Function
Improved Immune Function
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Lower Risk of Chronic Diseases
Lower Risk of Chronic Diseases
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Longer Life Expectancy
Longer Life Expectancy
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Faster Recovery from Illness
Faster Recovery from Illness
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Study Notes
Introduction to Health Psychology
- Health Psychology explores the interaction of psychological, social, cultural, and biological factors in health and illness
- It emerged in the 1970s, recognizing health involves more than just biological aspects
- Focus is on promoting health, preventing illness, and managing illness and disability
- Promoting health involves encouraging healthier behaviors
- Preventing illness entails understanding and modifying risk behaviors
- Managing illness and disability includes aiding coping and treatment adherence
Biopsychosociocultural Model
- Integrates biological, psychological, social, and cultural components influencing health
- Biological factors involve genes, hormones, and immune function
- Genes predispose individuals to diseases like diabetes and heart disease
- Hormone imbalances can lead to issues like thyroid problems
- Weakened immune systems increase vulnerability to infections
- Psychological factors include behavior, personality, cognition, and emotion
- Habits like smoking, diet, and exercise influence health
- Traits like optimism or hostility impact stress and health outcomes
- Thought and feelings affect physical illnesses, chronic stress may lead to physical illnesses
Concepts in Health Psychology
- improving overall health, preventing diseases, and managing existing health conditions
- Relies on psychological principles and interventions to maintain overall health and prevention of illnesses
- Main goals are to promote health and well-being
- Encouraging behaviors that improve physical and mental health
- Regular exercise, balanced nutrition, and stress management techniques
- Prevent Illness by identifying and reducing risk factors for diseases
- Example includes educating people on the dangers of smoking to prevent lung cancer
- Promote illness and disability management
- Helping individuals cope with chronic illnesses/disabilities via psychological support and adherence to treatments
Disease Prevention Levels
- Primary Prevention focuses on preventing the initial development of diseases by reducing risk factors
- Examples include anti-smoking campaigns, vaccinations, and promoting healthy diets
- Key strategies include behavior change advice and modifying social conditions
- Secondary Prevention involves early detection and intervention to stop disease progression
- Examples include cancer screenings and blood pressure monitoring
- Key strategies are screening programs and regular health assessments
- Tertiary Prevention manages and reduces the impact of established diseases
- Examples include physical therapy, rehabilitation programs, and patient education for diabetes
- Key strategies include disease management plans, rehabilitation, and patient adherence to treatments
- Primary Prevention = Prevention before disease starts
- Secondary Prevention = Detecting disease early
- Tertiary Prevention = Managing existing disease to prevent worsening
Determinants of Health
- They are biological, social, environmental, or behavioral factors that influence individual health
- Personal Determinants include genetics, personality, cognitive variables, and behaviors
- Genetics can predispose individuals to diseases
- Personality influences stress and health behaviors
- Cognitive variables impact how individuals process information and perceive risks
- Daily habits impact health
- Social Determinants include income, access to resources, education, employment, and working conditions
- Higher income correlates with better access to healthcare and healthier foods
- Education leads to better health knowledge and behaviors
- Job security and workplace safety influence health outcomes
- Environmental Determinants involve access to clean water and sanitation, air quality, and living conditions
- Poor sanitation increases infectious diseases
- Pollution is linked to respiratory diseases
- Overcrowded/unsafe housing increases injury and illness
- Commercial Determinants involve availability and pricing of unhealthy products and promotion of health services
- Marketing of unhealthy products influences health behaviors
- Affordable health services affect whether people seek care
Modifiable vs. Non-modifiable Determinants
- Non-modifiable Determinants include age, genetics, and place of birth
- Risk for many diseases increases with age
- Inherited traits are beyond an individual's control
- Geographic factors can determine health risks
- Potentially Modifiable Determinants (Not Under Individual Control) include income, education, and working conditions
- Systemic factors like economic policies influence income
- Access to education and job opportunities are influenced by societal factors
- Potentially Modifiable Determinants (Under Individual Control) include personal health beliefs and lifestyle choices
- Personal health beliefs that can be changed through education and experience
- Lifestyle choices like diet, exercise, and substance use can be modified
- Health outcomes result from the interaction of multiple determinants which can be modified to improve health
Health Behaviours
- These are actions individuals take that influence their health, either positively or negatively
- Health-Promotion Behaviours enhance and maintain good health
- Practicing regular exercise, eating a balanced diet, getting enough sleep
- Health-Protective Behaviours protect against disease or injury
- Getting vaccinations, wearing seat belts, and using condoms
- Health-Detection Behaviours aimed at identifying health problems early
- Getting cancer screenings and routine check-ups
- Avoidance of Health Risk Behaviours avoids activities that increase illness or injury
- Examples include not smoking, limiting alcohol, and avoiding sun exposure
- Sick-Role Behaviours adopted when someone is ill to promote recovery
- Taking prescribed medications, attending follow-up appointments, and resting
- Health Risk Behaviours increase the likelihood of developing health problems
- Ex Smoking is a major risk factor for lung cancer
- Excessive alcohol increases the risk of liver disease
- An unhealthy diet contributes to obesity
- Physical inactivity increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases
- Unsafe sexual practices increases the risk of transmitted infections
How Behaviour Influences Health
- Direct Biological Changes, such as smoking directly damaging organs or exercise improving cardiovascular function
- Exposure to Health Risks includes protective behaviors with sunscreen and risky behaviors with drinking
- Disease Detection and Treatment involve early detection through screenings for better outcomes
- Understanding and modifying health behaviors promotes preventing diseases and well-being, and small changes in health can have a significant impact on overall health
Health Behaviour Theories
- Health Behavior Change Techniques(BCTs) influence behavior and involve self-monitoring, and goal setting
- Tracking daily exercise or food intake.
- Setting specific, manageable goals
- Classical Conditioning involves a neutral stimulus associated with a response due to repeated pairing with another stimulus
- Pairing healthy behaviors with positive experiences, rewarding yourself after a workout or a healthy eating
- Associating unhealthy behaviors, feeling sick after smoking, may deter future smoking
- Operant Conditioning involves learning through consequences, where behaviors are shaped by rewards or punishments
- Positive reinforcement gives rewards for healthy behaviors
- Ex: praise for quitting smoking.
- Continuous reinforcement that shifts partially: Rewarding to maintain the habit.
- Decreasing: punishment or removing rewards for unhealthy behaviors.
- Social Cognitive Theory
- Is developed by Albert Bandura and emphasizes on observational learning, social experiences, and efficacy
Key Concepts of Social Cognitive Theory
- Self-Efficacy are individuals with high confidence in their abilities are more likely to attempt and persist in health behaviours.
- Observational Learning are seeing peers exercise may inspire someone to start
- Sources of Efficacy are mastery, vicarious verbal persuasion, and managing emotional state
- Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) suggests intentions dictate behaviors
- Limitation assumes people have a certain amount of control, and are therefore accountable
Theories of Health Behaviors
- Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) builds on TRA by adding the concept of perceived behavioral control
- the attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral influences the thought process of deciding what and how to do things
- Strong Intentions with Perceived Behavioral Control lead to higher likelihood of behavior change
- Transtheoretical Model (Stages of Change) emphasizes that behavior change as a multi-stage process
- Stages include precontemplation of changing, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, and relapse
- Interventions are most effective when they align accordingly to individual readiness.
- Processes of Change are strategies (self-awareness, social support, stress managing) useful
Intervention Strategies
- Aims to promote healthy behaviors, prevent risky behaviors, and support individuals in managing chronic conditions
- Individual's readiness to change is crucial
- Assessing Motivation (Readiness for Change)
- Assessment Scale (1-10)
- 1-3 are non-factors for change
- 4-7 are those who are thinking about preparing for change
- 8-10 are ready to implement change
- If low readiness, focus on raising awareness
- High readiness, support action and maintenance
Interventions
- Transtheoretical Model guides interventions by aligning depending on the person
- Precontemplation is informing to raise awareness about any risks and harms
- Contemplation is discussing all things by addressing any ambivalent feelings and thought processes
- Preparation is assisting to set any realistic goals and develop any possible action plans
- Action is supporting change through reinforcement, and problem resolving
- Maintenance is preventing any form of relapse; encouraging good behavior
- Core Principles of MI are to have emphathy, roll with resistance, support and encourage self-efficacy
- Behavior Change Techniques (BCTs) are for promoting health/behavior changes
- Goal setting is defining goals
- Action planning is creating plans, and monitoring outcomes
- Social support is to encourage engagement with supportive friends/family
Managing intentions and behaviors
- Implementation Intentions should be designed specific, and should follow through to goal-oriented behaviors
- Ex "If I feel stressed, then I will walk for 5 minutes"
- If intentions are set, then make behavior more automatically by specific triggers
- Addressing Barriers and Facilitators - Obstacles and supports should be considered
- Common Barriers
- Ex: Low amount of motivation, lack of resources
- Facilitators
- Ex: Social support, access to clear action plans
- Effective Interventions are personal and are personalized based on readiness, beliefs, norms, and preferences by a person
Affective and Cognitive Determinants
- Emotions influence health that rationalize thought and is affective
- Affective is more of a mood and emotion
- Cognitive is more of a perception, thoughts and beliefs
- Discrete emotions (short intensity feelings to a specific caused by health) can effect thought (joy, fear, sad)
- Interaction between Affect and Cognition - emotions aren't isolated; they are effected by each other
- Affect Influencing cognition (emotions can cause bias)
- Example: Afraid of early detection
- Cognition Influencing Affect: Thoughts and beliefs can trigger emotions
- Ex: Believing you are healthy can create feelings of pride
- Emotional state - how one feels (happy, sad) vs emotional traits
- Ambivalence - when cognitive and emotional factors conflict decisions
- Affective forecasting describes the prediction of how things will turn out based of present decisions
- People don't know how future events are affected, leading to poor decisions
- Stress Effects - both direct, and indirect
- Managing Emotions: Affect regulation
- Change the mode and think how you feel during situations to support healthy behaviors by focusing on the positive
- Fear Appeal: Used in campaigns where images on cigarette packs is advertised
- Limitations: Causes to take denial over change
Situational Determinants and Environmental Interventions
- Environment influences choices
- Modifying the environment reduces reliance
- Encouraging healthy behaviors
- Ex Placing foods on the door reminds people to workout
- Ex: Seeing ads increase unhealthy eating
- Key for managing and shaping behaviors
Implementation Intentions
- Linking cues to desired behavior increases chances to follow behaviors
- Environment can lead to conflicting decisions
- Example: Change can reduce trust within -Selective attention means someone may focus on a message that aligns
Risk Perception and Decision Making
- Refers to how individuals assess health threats
- Components include:
- Percieved suceptibility on how likely people are to experience a health problem
- Perceived severity on how dangerous consequences may be to a condition
- Perceived Controled belief of how control one has over preventing issues
- Heuristics in risk perceptions that help shortcuts to make quick judgements
- Availability heuristic is based on easily what comes to mind
- Affect heuristic is that if the individual has emotions than its risky
- Optimism bias is that an individual belives that it won't effect them
- Affective Forecasting and Decision Making affect the future outcome in relation to decisions
- Overestimating impact from quitting will be worse than actuall is
- Framing effects in health messages affects behaviors
- Framing Effects
###Errors
- Information presented can greatly affect health choices
- Gains vs Loss
- Gains are more impactful for preventative behaviors
- Loss statements influence people a little more
- Errors in Risk Perception leads to more poor decisions Misjudging in risks- leads to poor choices
- Underestimation, or overestimation
- conflicting health information to confusion
- Straegies to Improve choices
- Simplifying information
- personalizing this info by making the risk a little more individual
- Doctors explaining to patients their choices
Illness and Treatment Representations
- Are their beliefs and that are a certain way they feel on treatments also a part of it
- They react on how they feel and make decisions
- Common Sense Model on illness self-regulation - Leventhal model of HOW health is used to explain what things people do.
- Intercepts, interacts; they go down the path that they have chosen
- People are more likely to react (seeking actions)
- Anxiety and anger triggers the stress
Treatment, Belief, and the Role of Caregivers
- The best way is a good open dialogue
- Patients need to adhere or understand or stick to the medical adivce
- Medication (dose)
- Lifestyle changes
- Stop smoking or any bad habits
- Monitoring
- Using a blood meter to ensure healthy levels
- Factors influencing the choices
-
- Paitent: do they believe in health/
- What are the condition-related factors:? Is it short term/visible or not?
- What is the medical factor :?
###Factors
- Social and Enironmental factors is family
- Cultural: How does media affect the beliefs
- Cultural: Family has a important factor
Motivational:
- Is the paitent capable to the changes necessary . What are the strategies in that part 2: How is the level to reduce the non compliance
- Simplyy treatment regiments: Reduce the doses or combine the medications
- Motivatonal Interviewing
###Behavioral techniques . Be aware and keep a log to be healthy . Use to family as support 5. Trust your physician to support you
- Build a relationship with good contact and empathy
7: Be aware of adherence
- Self reports (though this is very biased , Pill coutns Elctronic Monitoring where u have device to record
- Adherence is a key and complex for health.
- The use empathy
Stress and Health
- Body emotional response percieved threats
- Psychological : What IS stress? The definition where a sitation causes fear and needs
- Types of stress:*
- -Acute stress* , or long term
- -Chronic Stress* WHAT ARE THE STRESSORS? SEVERE EVENTS THAT CHALLENGE PERSON EXAMPLE NATURAL DISASTER
- life events: Change in life*
-
Example: Divorce CHRONIC
Pressure that continue overtime Ex: Jobless
-
- minor Irritations: Traffic or* Non -Events: Positive situations: to disappointment
- *STRESS RESPONSES: **
- sympathetic nervous system: fight/flight*
- . Increases heart rate/ blood preeusre to immediate action*
- -hypatalmus (hpa: Stress homone released and suppress everything**
- long term : Choric stress has negative efects . leads to mental and psycholigcal illnesses*
- Cardivo : Prolonge dstress increasee rate / strokes / and heart issues*
- *Immune suppression
- *Degistce issues : Metabolic: Insulin levels
5 stage model of stress and diseases
- Allostatic load Chronic stress effects- tear and wear down
- Strain increases hormones- leads to problems with the heart 6: wear from load - allostatic : tear and wear effect 7.Stress realted Mental health : Burn out (physical emotional )
- With Stress- Adaptive is healthy / Maladaprtive
Aggression wwithrdraw
- Aggressors are other that take away anger; isolation to avoid Resilence Reduce : Techiniuqeus deep breathing Mind fulbess reduce. Personality- traits and patterns of thinking, feeligns traits 1 Impact that can relate to better and postive helath . lower heart issues / stress
- Agreeableness* =Traits: Cooeprativee, compassionate, trusting. Health Impact: Linked to better interpersonal relationships and reduced stress, which can promote overall health.
Lonliness
Defined as the subjective feeling of being socially isolated, even if one is surrounded by people.
Couple relationnship (Positive)
- Being in a healthy, supportive relationship can improve physical
Negative relationship
Conflict, emotional strain, and toxic relationships increase stress and health risks. Dydatic -inter connected
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Description
Explores the interplay of agency and socioeconomic factors in health outcomes. Examines strategies for health-promotion, protection, and detection behaviors. Focuses on cognitive strategies to overcome bias and promote evidence-based health practices.
