Podcast
Questions and Answers
Health conceptualizations and determinants influence ______
Health conceptualizations and determinants influence ______
the nature and the scope professional practice
Recent definitions of health reflect a multidimensional perspective and a positive orientation.
Recent definitions of health reflect a multidimensional perspective and a positive orientation.
True (A)
Name three recent approaches to health.
Name three recent approaches to health.
medical, behavioural, and socioenvironmental
Behavioural approaches focus primarily on ______
Behavioural approaches focus primarily on ______
Socioenvironmental approaches emphasize psychosocial factors and ______ conditions.
Socioenvironmental approaches emphasize psychosocial factors and ______ conditions.
Health determinants are intersectoral and ______.
Health determinants are intersectoral and ______.
Health literacy involves ___________________ needed to exert control over life events and circumstances that influence health experience and health status.
Health literacy involves ___________________ needed to exert control over life events and circumstances that influence health experience and health status.
Canada is a leader in ever-changing views of health and health determinants.
Canada is a leader in ever-changing views of health and health determinants.
Health promotion is the same as disease prevention.
Health promotion is the same as disease prevention.
List the three levels of disease prevention.
List the three levels of disease prevention.
List the five major categories of health promotion strategies identified in the Ottawa Charter?
List the five major categories of health promotion strategies identified in the Ottawa Charter?
As a nurse working in a rural practice, what do you believe are some of the health issues that rural populations may experience? (Select all that apply.)
a. Higher mortality rates
b. Increased risk for injuries
c. Decreased cardiovascular disease
d. Longer lifespans
e. Lower mortality rates
As a nurse working in a rural practice, what do you believe are some of the health issues that rural populations may experience? (Select all that apply.) a. Higher mortality rates b. Increased risk for injuries c. Decreased cardiovascular disease d. Longer lifespans e. Lower mortality rates
As you work with structurally vulnerable persons or populations who are living in poverty, what factors related to health disparities would you expect to encounter with this population group?
a. A higher education status
b. Increased access to health services
c. Fewer chronic diseases
d. Lack of food security
As you work with structurally vulnerable persons or populations who are living in poverty, what factors related to health disparities would you expect to encounter with this population group? a. A higher education status b. Increased access to health services c. Fewer chronic diseases d. Lack of food security
The majority of the Lazzer family is unable to work because of COVID-19 restrictions or chronic illnesses. What is the immediate primary health care concern for the Lazzer family?
a. Access to adequate health care
b. Skin cancer from the sun
c. Chronic neck pain
d. Eye problems related to dust
The majority of the Lazzer family is unable to work because of COVID-19 restrictions or chronic illnesses. What is the immediate primary health care concern for the Lazzer family? a. Access to adequate health care b. Skin cancer from the sun c. Chronic neck pain d. Eye problems related to dust
Which approach to health should you, as the nurse, focus on when caring for this family?
a. The behavioural approach to health
b. A medical approach to health
c. A socioenvironmental approach to health
d. Physiological risk factors
Which approach to health should you, as the nurse, focus on when caring for this family? a. The behavioural approach to health b. A medical approach to health c. A socioenvironmental approach to health d. Physiological risk factors
From a socioenvironmental perspective, what are the most concerning determinants of health for the Lazzer family? (Select all that apply.)
a. Income and social status
b. Biological and genetic endowment
c. Healthy child development
d. Gender
e. Visibility
From a socioenvironmental perspective, what are the most concerning determinants of health for the Lazzer family? (Select all that apply.) a. Income and social status b. Biological and genetic endowment c. Healthy child development d. Gender e. Visibility
Which disease prevention level should you focus on to assess Joey Lazzer's COPD?
a. Primary prevention
b. Secondary prevention
c. Tertiary prevention
d. Risk assessment
Which disease prevention level should you focus on to assess Joey Lazzer's COPD? a. Primary prevention b. Secondary prevention c. Tertiary prevention d. Risk assessment
You inform the Lazzer family that there will be a COVID-19 vaccination clinic in the community next week. What level of prevention is being offered with this clinic?
a. Primary prevention
b. Secondary prevention
c. Tertiary prevention
d. None of the above. Vaccinations are not considered a level of prevention.
You inform the Lazzer family that there will be a COVID-19 vaccination clinic in the community next week. What level of prevention is being offered with this clinic? a. Primary prevention b. Secondary prevention c. Tertiary prevention d. None of the above. Vaccinations are not considered a level of prevention.
Which statement does NOT accurately describe the population health promotion model?
a. The model suggests that action can address the full range of health determinants.
b. The model incorporates the health promotion strategies of the Ottawa Charter.
c. The model focuses primarily on interventions at the societal level.
d. The model attempts to integrate population health and health promotion concepts.
Which statement does NOT accurately describe the population health promotion model? a. The model suggests that action can address the full range of health determinants. b. The model incorporates the health promotion strategies of the Ottawa Charter. c. The model focuses primarily on interventions at the societal level. d. The model attempts to integrate population health and health promotion concepts.
The Lazzer family lives 15 minutes away from town and is unable to access fresh produce. Considering their circumstances, which strategy would best improve the health of family members?
a. Strengthen community action.
b. Build healthy public policy.
c. Develop personal skills.
d. Reorient health services.
The Lazzer family lives 15 minutes away from town and is unable to access fresh produce. Considering their circumstances, which strategy would best improve the health of family members? a. Strengthen community action. b. Build healthy public policy. c. Develop personal skills. d. Reorient health services.
As a nurse who is a settler, you are aware that you are providing care to Indigenous members of this community who have experienced residential school trauma. Care that is absent of unfair systems and policies that cause health inequalities is referred to as which of the following:
a. Health disparity
b. Health equity
c. Equality
d. Racism
As a nurse who is a settler, you are aware that you are providing care to Indigenous members of this community who have experienced residential school trauma. Care that is absent of unfair systems and policies that cause health inequalities is referred to as which of the following: a. Health disparity b. Health equity c. Equality d. Racism
______ is a key component of Canada's social safety net. All levels of government play a major role in ______ in accordance with the Canada Health Act
______ is a key component of Canada's social safety net. All levels of government play a major role in ______ in accordance with the Canada Health Act
The Canada Health Act articulates the five principles of ______.
The Canada Health Act articulates the five principles of ______.
Health care services are provided in institutional, community, and home settings; across all age groups; and for individual, family, group, and community populations.
Health care services are provided in institutional, community, and home settings; across all age groups; and for individual, family, group, and community populations.
What are the five levels of health care?
What are the five levels of health care?
______ challenge the health care system in efforts to deliver innovative, efficient, and quality care.
______ challenge the health care system in efforts to deliver innovative, efficient, and quality care.
______ challenge the health care system.
______ challenge the health care system.
The primacy of PHC and home care align with the reforming health care environment and cost effectiveness.
The primacy of PHC and home care align with the reforming health care environment and cost effectiveness.
Successful health promotion and disease prevention programs help patients acquire healthier lifestyles and achieve optimal quality of life.
Successful health promotion and disease prevention programs help patients acquire healthier lifestyles and achieve optimal quality of life.
Sufficient, diverse, and qualified human health resources are essential for a culturally competent workforce attending to a culturally safe Canadian health care system.
Sufficient, diverse, and qualified human health resources are essential for a culturally competent workforce attending to a culturally safe Canadian health care system.
Enhancing the health of the Indigenous population in Canada is a significant challenge to society and to the health care system.
Enhancing the health of the Indigenous population in Canada is a significant challenge to society and to the health care system.
Nurses must continually seek out information and evidence to remain responsive to providing quality, culturally competent, and safe care.
Nurses must continually seek out information and evidence to remain responsive to providing quality, culturally competent, and safe care.
During a community health placement, a nursing student interacts with W.W. who tells the student about his upcoming hip replacement surgery. W.W. explains that he went to the preassessment clinic and that they connected him with community services such as Meals on Wheels, home care, and an outpatient physiotherapist. The nursing student understands that these services are important aspects of:
a. Acute care
b. Primary health care
c. Primary care
d. Ambulatory care
During a community health placement, a nursing student interacts with W.W. who tells the student about his upcoming hip replacement surgery. W.W. explains that he went to the preassessment clinic and that they connected him with community services such as Meals on Wheels, home care, and an outpatient physiotherapist. The nursing student understands that these services are important aspects of: a. Acute care b. Primary health care c. Primary care d. Ambulatory care
During W.W.'s preoperative assessment, the nurse explains the various roles of the interprofessional team members who will be involved in his care after his hip replacement. Which of the following team members would the nurse most likely indicate will be a part of the interprofessional team? (Select all that apply.)
a. Occupational therapist
b. Physiotherapist
c. Pharmacist
d. Translator
e. Medical-surgical nurse
During W.W.'s preoperative assessment, the nurse explains the various roles of the interprofessional team members who will be involved in his care after his hip replacement. Which of the following team members would the nurse most likely indicate will be a part of the interprofessional team? (Select all that apply.) a. Occupational therapist b. Physiotherapist c. Pharmacist d. Translator e. Medical-surgical nurse
W.W.'s hip replacement is considered medically necessary in order for W.W. to maintain a good quality of life. The __________ currently ensures that Canadians do not have to out of pocket for medically necessary procedures.
a. Canada Health Act
b. Emergency Management Act
c. Canadian Medicare Act
d. Medical Care Act
e. Hospital Insurance and Diagnostic Act
W.W.'s hip replacement is considered medically necessary in order for W.W. to maintain a good quality of life. The __________ currently ensures that Canadians do not have to out of pocket for medically necessary procedures. a. Canada Health Act b. Emergency Management Act c. Canadian Medicare Act d. Medical Care Act e. Hospital Insurance and Diagnostic Act
With his sister's help, W.W. has recently had to start caring for his 89-year-old mother, who is requiring increased assistance with her activities of daily living. At the clinic, W.W. expresses to the nurse that despite taking turns caring for their mother, both he and his sister are nearing exhaustion caring for her. As the nurse opens the dialogue on potential placements for his mother, it is obvious that there is a lack of understanding about the existence of community agencies such as ________, which might provide an alternative for this family.
a. Home care
b. Palliative care
c. Hospital care
d. Ambulatory care
e. Adult day support
With his sister's help, W.W. has recently had to start caring for his 89-year-old mother, who is requiring increased assistance with her activities of daily living. At the clinic, W.W. expresses to the nurse that despite taking turns caring for their mother, both he and his sister are nearing exhaustion caring for her. As the nurse opens the dialogue on potential placements for his mother, it is obvious that there is a lack of understanding about the existence of community agencies such as ________, which might provide an alternative for this family. a. Home care b. Palliative care c. Hospital care d. Ambulatory care e. Adult day support
After W.W. surgery, he develops a postoperative infection that requires daily dressing changes. W.W. explains to the student nurse that he cannot manage the dressing changes on his own. Which community service should the student nurse communicate with to ensure that W.W. will have assistance with his daily dressing changes.
a. Adult day services
b. Ambulatory care
c. Palliative care
d. Home care
e. Hospice care
After W.W. surgery, he develops a postoperative infection that requires daily dressing changes. W.W. explains to the student nurse that he cannot manage the dressing changes on his own. Which community service should the student nurse communicate with to ensure that W.W. will have assistance with his daily dressing changes. a. Adult day services b. Ambulatory care c. Palliative care d. Home care e. Hospice care
Connecting W.W. with appropriate community-based health services is important because: (Select all that apply.)
a. Community-based services can help to prevent unnecessary and costly hospitalizations.
b. Community-based services ensure that W.W. can recover at home.
c. Community-based services can be used instead of hospitalization.
d. Community-based services are an important element of primary health.
e. Community-based services enable W.W. to age in place.
Connecting W.W. with appropriate community-based health services is important because: (Select all that apply.) a. Community-based services can help to prevent unnecessary and costly hospitalizations. b. Community-based services ensure that W.W. can recover at home. c. Community-based services can be used instead of hospitalization. d. Community-based services are an important element of primary health. e. Community-based services enable W.W. to age in place.
W.W. tells the nursing student that he has waited for a long time for this surgery and does not feel that the long wait time was acceptable. W.W. asks the nursing student if anything is being done to address surgical wait times. The nursing student tells W.W. that the following agencies have made efforts to reduce wait times, reduce duplication of tests, and support coordination of care: (Select all that apply.)
a. Canada eHealth
b. Canadian Institute for Health Information
c. Canada Health Infoway
d. Canadian Institutes for Health Research
e. Consumers' Association of Canada
W.W. tells the nursing student that he has waited for a long time for this surgery and does not feel that the long wait time was acceptable. W.W. asks the nursing student if anything is being done to address surgical wait times. The nursing student tells W.W. that the following agencies have made efforts to reduce wait times, reduce duplication of tests, and support coordination of care: (Select all that apply.) a. Canada eHealth b. Canadian Institute for Health Information c. Canada Health Infoway d. Canadian Institutes for Health Research e. Consumers' Association of Canada
W.W. asks his nurse practitioner why his hip replacement surgery was covered, but his prescription glasses are not. The nurse practitioner explains that there are some health services that are generally not covered under the publicly funded health care system. Some of these noninsured services include: (Select all that apply.)
a. Dental services
b. Home care
c. Medical transportation
d. Medical equipment and appliances (i.e., wheelchairs, prostheses)
e. Prescription drugs (outside of hospitals)
W.W. asks his nurse practitioner why his hip replacement surgery was covered, but his prescription glasses are not. The nurse practitioner explains that there are some health services that are generally not covered under the publicly funded health care system. Some of these noninsured services include: (Select all that apply.) a. Dental services b. Home care c. Medical transportation d. Medical equipment and appliances (i.e., wheelchairs, prostheses) e. Prescription drugs (outside of hospitals)
W.W. notices that the postoperative surgical unit is often short-staffed. W.W. expresses his concerns about this to the unit manager. This has been one of several similar complaints over the past 6 months, prompting management to request a brief report from the nurse manager on a human resources plan for the next 5 years. Which statements best represents the factors that should be mentioned?
a. We should be working with our aging nurses to transition them out of full-time work, allowing younger nurses to be mentored into their vacated positions and increasing the number of nurses we are educating.
b. workplace injuries, we should be hiring an occupational therapist or there will soon be no nurses working.
c. being able to replace nurses with robots and technology, so that is where we should be investing.
d. not educating enough nurses, so we may have to recruit from international pools to fill positions.
W.W. notices that the postoperative surgical unit is often short-staffed. W.W. expresses his concerns about this to the unit manager. This has been one of several similar complaints over the past 6 months, prompting management to request a brief report from the nurse manager on a human resources plan for the next 5 years. Which statements best represents the factors that should be mentioned? a. We should be working with our aging nurses to transition them out of full-time work, allowing younger nurses to be mentored into their vacated positions and increasing the number of nurses we are educating. b. workplace injuries, we should be hiring an occupational therapist or there will soon be no nurses working. c. being able to replace nurses with robots and technology, so that is where we should be investing. d. not educating enough nurses, so we may have to recruit from international pools to fill positions.
Two months after his hip replacement surgery, W.W. has a minor fall. W.W. is not injured after this incident, but he realizes that he needs to further improve his mobility to return to his previous level of function. W.W. expresses his concern to his nurse practitioner, who refers him to a physiotherapist. This is an example of which level of care?
a. Level 1: Health Promotion
b. Level 2: Disease and Injury Prevention
c. Level 3: Diagnosis and Treatment
d. Level 4: Rehabilitation
e. Level 4: Supportive Care
Two months after his hip replacement surgery, W.W. has a minor fall. W.W. is not injured after this incident, but he realizes that he needs to further improve his mobility to return to his previous level of function. W.W. expresses his concern to his nurse practitioner, who refers him to a physiotherapist. This is an example of which level of care? a. Level 1: Health Promotion b. Level 2: Disease and Injury Prevention c. Level 3: Diagnosis and Treatment d. Level 4: Rehabilitation e. Level 4: Supportive Care
Nursing has responded to the health care needs of society, which have been influenced over time by ______
Nursing has responded to the health care needs of society, which have been influenced over time by ______
Nurses were involved in the delivery of unequal health care to Indigenous peoples in Canada through ______
Nurses were involved in the delivery of unequal health care to Indigenous peoples in Canada through ______
The ______ of nursing shaped the establishment of the first nursing schools in Canada ______
The ______ of nursing shaped the establishment of the first nursing schools in Canada ______
The development of a system of nursing education in Canada emerged from ______
The development of a system of nursing education in Canada emerged from ______
Baccalaureate as an entry-to-practice requirement for nursing has been fully implemented in English-speaking Canada.
Baccalaureate as an entry-to-practice requirement for nursing has been fully implemented in English-speaking Canada.
Basic nursing education is acquired in college, collaborative college-university, or university programs.
Basic nursing education is acquired in college, collaborative college-university, or university programs.
The case study described an incident of Indigenous-specific racism in health care. How can knowledge about colonial medicine in Canada assist the nurse with reflecting on experiences like the one described in this case study?
a. History can assist the nurse to learn important dates about colonial medicine in Canada.
b. History can provide the nurse with the context needed to understand present-day issues in health care.
c. History can help to foster new avenues of inquiry in nursing.
d. History can teach nurses that health care in the past was problematic.
The case study described an incident of Indigenous-specific racism in health care. How can knowledge about colonial medicine in Canada assist the nurse with reflecting on experiences like the one described in this case study? a. History can assist the nurse to learn important dates about colonial medicine in Canada. b. History can provide the nurse with the context needed to understand present-day issues in health care. c. History can help to foster new avenues of inquiry in nursing. d. History can teach nurses that health care in the past was problematic.
Intergenerational trauma is a reality for many Indigenous peoples in Canada because of colonial policies, residential schools, and unequal health care. Which of the following statements best describes your understanding of the Indian hospital system?
a. Indian hospitals were separate, underfunded, and inadequate facilities for Indigenous patients.
b. Indian hospitals provided advanced medical care.
c. Both Indigenous and non-Indigenous patients accessed and used Indian hospitals.
d. Indian hospitals were adequately funded by the Canadian government.
Intergenerational trauma is a reality for many Indigenous peoples in Canada because of colonial policies, residential schools, and unequal health care. Which of the following statements best describes your understanding of the Indian hospital system? a. Indian hospitals were separate, underfunded, and inadequate facilities for Indigenous patients. b. Indian hospitals provided advanced medical care. c. Both Indigenous and non-Indigenous patients accessed and used Indian hospitals. d. Indian hospitals were adequately funded by the Canadian government.
The establishment of the Indian hospital system was motivated by which of the following factors?
a. Preventing the spread of epidemic disease from Indigenous to settler communities
b. Providing Indigenous peoples with excellent care
c. Enabling Indigenous control over Indigenous health care
d. Creating nursing jobs for newly trained graduate nurses
The establishment of the Indian hospital system was motivated by which of the following factors? a. Preventing the spread of epidemic disease from Indigenous to settler communities b. Providing Indigenous peoples with excellent care c. Enabling Indigenous control over Indigenous health care d. Creating nursing jobs for newly trained graduate nurses
The case study reveals the needs for ongoing efforts to decolonize health care in Canada. Which of the following is a primary goal of the Canadian Indigenous Nurses Association, originally founded in the 1970s?
a. To achieve better working conditions for all nurses
b. To create new nursing schools
c. To create social connections
d. To improve health care for Indigenous peoples
The case study reveals the needs for ongoing efforts to decolonize health care in Canada. Which of the following is a primary goal of the Canadian Indigenous Nurses Association, originally founded in the 1970s? a. To achieve better working conditions for all nurses b. To create new nursing schools c. To create social connections d. To improve health care for Indigenous peoples
A successful community health nursing practice involves building relationships with the community members and being responsive to changes within the community.
A successful community health nursing practice involves building relationships with the community members and being responsive to changes within the community.
The principles of public health nursing practice support assisting individuals in acquiring a healthy environment in which to live.
The principles of public health nursing practice support assisting individuals in acquiring a healthy environment in which to live.
The public health nurse cares for the community as a whole and considers the individual or family to be one member of a population or potential group at risk.
The public health nurse cares for the community as a whole and considers the individual or family to be one member of a population or potential group at risk.
Home health nurse's competence is based on decision making at the level of the individual client and their family.
Home health nurse's competence is based on decision making at the level of the individual client and their family.
Within an ecological model of home health nursing, the individual is viewed within the larger systems of family, social network, community, and society.
Within an ecological model of home health nursing, the individual is viewed within the larger systems of family, social network, community, and society.
The primary care or family practice nurse collaborates in an ______, using a client-centered model to ______ and their navigation of community resources.
The primary care or family practice nurse collaborates in an ______, using a client-centered model to ______ and their navigation of community resources.
Marginalized individuals and their families are often made vulnerable by multiple forms of inequity.
Marginalized individuals and their families are often made vulnerable by multiple forms of inequity.
While high-priority populations can be vulnerable to health inequities, they also have capacities that can be protective for them and that should be recognized in any health promotion efforts.
While high-priority populations can be vulnerable to health inequities, they also have capacities that can be protective for them and that should be recognized in any health promotion efforts.
Exacerbations of chronic health problems are common among homeless people because they have access to fewer protective resources.
Exacerbations of chronic health problems are common among homeless people because they have access to fewer protective resources.
An important principle in working with clients at risk for or who may have suffered abuse is protection of the client.
An important principle in working with clients at risk for or who may have suffered abuse is protection of the client.
Clients who engage in risky behaviours such as substance use may respond to a harm-reduction approach.
Clients who engage in risky behaviours such as substance use may respond to a harm-reduction approach.
Flashcards
Health Conceptualizations
Health Conceptualizations
Influence the nature/scope of professional practice.
Recent Health Definitions
Recent Health Definitions
Reflect multidimensional perspectives and positive orientations.
Three Recent Health Approaches
Three Recent Health Approaches
Medical, behavioural, socioenvironmental.
Behavioural Approaches Focus
Behavioural Approaches Focus
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Socioenvironmental Approaches
Socioenvironmental Approaches
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Health Determinants
Health Determinants
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Health Literacy Involves
Health Literacy Involves
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Canada Is a Leader
Canada Is a Leader
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Health Promotion Differs
Health Promotion Differs
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Three Levels of Disease Prevention
Three Levels of Disease Prevention
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Ottawa Charter Categories (5)
Ottawa Charter Categories (5)
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Poverty Health Disparity
Poverty Health Disparity
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Focus for the Family?
Focus for the Family?
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Concerning Determinants
Concerning Determinants
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Joey Lazzer's COPD level of prevention to assess?
Joey Lazzer's COPD level of prevention to assess?
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Vaccination clinic level of prevention
Vaccination clinic level of prevention
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Promotion Model?
Promotion Model?
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Best Improve Heath?
Best Improve Heath?
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Care isn't unfair
Care isn't unfair
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Medicare challenge
Medicare challenge
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Canada Health Act principles
Canada Health Act principles
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Five Levels of Health Care
Five Levels of Health Care
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Challenge health care systems
Challenge health care systems
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Challenge the health care system
Challenge the health care system
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Health Promotion Programs Help
Health Promotion Programs Help
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Humans are Diverse
Humans are Diverse
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Society significant challenges
Society significant challenges
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Nurses seek Evidence
Nurses seek Evidence
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Unequal health care to Indigenous peoples
Unequal health care to Indigenous peoples
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Early nursing model
Early nursing model
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Study Notes
Health Conceptualizations and Professional Practice
- Health conceptualizations and determinants influence the nature and the scope of professional practice.
Definitions of Health
- Recent definitions of health reflect a multidimensional perspective and a positive orientation.
Approaches to Health
- Three recent approaches to health are medical behavioral, and socioenvironmental.
- Behavioral approaches focus primarily on health practices.
- Socioenvironmental approaches emphasize psychosocial factors and socioenvironmental conditions.
Health Determinants
- Health determinants are intersectoral and interrelated.
Health Literacy
- Health literacy involves functional, interactive, and critical abilities needed to exert control over life events and circumstances that influence health experience and health status.
Canada's Role in Health
- Canada is a leader in ever-changing views of health and health determinants.
Health Promotion vs. Disease Prevention
- Health promotion differs from disease prevention.
Levels of Disease Prevention
- Primary prevention involves protection against disease.
- Secondary prevention includes activities that promote early detection.
- Tertiary prevention includes activities directed toward minimizing disability from disease and helping clients learn to live productively with their limitations.
Ottawa Charter's Health Promotion Strategies
- The Ottawa Charter identifies five major categories of health promotion strategies: building healthy public policies; creating supportive environments; strengthening community action; developing personal skills; and reorienting health care services.
Rural Health Issues
- Rural populations may experience increased risk for injuries and decreased cardiovascular disease.
Health Disparities and Poverty
- Structurally vulnerable persons or populations living in poverty may experience a lack of food security.
Immediate Primary Health Care Concern for Families
- The immediate primary health care concern for families may be access to adequate health care.
Approach to Health for Families
- A socioenvironmental approach to health should be the focus when caring for families.
Determinants of Health for Families
- From a socioenvironmental perspective, the most concerning determinants of health for families are income and social status
Disease Prevention Levels
- Focus on tertiary prevention to assess chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
- A COVID-19 vaccination clinic in the community is an example of primary prevention.
Population Health Promotion Model
- The population health promotion model suggests that action can address the full range of health determinants.
- The model incorporates the health promotion strategies of the Ottawa Charter and attempts to integrate population health and health promotion concepts.
Strategies to Improve Health
- Building healthy public policy would be the best strategy to improve the health.
Health Equity
- Care absent of unfair systems and policies that cause health inequalities is referred to as health equity.
Medicare and Health Care Policy
- Medicare is a key component of Canada's social safety net.
- All levels of government play a major role in co-funding national health insurance and setting health care policy in accordance with the Canada Health Act.
Canada Health Act Principles
- The Canada Health Act articulates the five principles of the national health insurance system: public administration, comprehensiveness, universality, portability, and accessibility and forbids extra billing and user fees.
Health Care Service Delivery
- Health care services are provided in institutional, community, and home settings; across all age groups; and for individual, family, group, and community populations.
Levels of Health Care
- The five levels of health care are promotive, preventive, curative, rehabilitative, and supportive.
Challenges to the Health Care System
- Escalating costs, technological innovations, and consumer expectations challenge the health care system in efforts to deliver innovative, efficient, and quality care.
- Equality, equity, access, interdisciplinary approaches, communication, and continuity of care also challenge the health care system.
Primary Health Care and Home Care
- The primacy of primary health care (PHC) and home care align with the reforming health care environment and cost effectiveness.
Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Programs
- Successful health promotion and disease prevention programs help patients acquire healthier lifestyles and achieve optimal quality of life.
Human Health Resources
- Sufficient, diverse, and qualified human health resources are essential for a culturally competent workforce attending to a culturally safe Canadian health care system.
Indigenous Health
- Enhancing the health of the Indigenous population in Canada is a significant challenge to society and to the health care system.
Nursing Responsiveness
- Nurses must continually seek out information and evidence to remain responsive to providing quality, culturally competent, and safe care.
Aspects of Acute Care
- Community services are important aspects of acute care.
Interprofessional Team Members
- Interprofessional team members include occupational therapists, physiotherapists, pharmacists, and medical-surgical nurses.
Canada Health Act
- The Canada Health Act currently ensures that Canadians do not have to pay out of pocket for medically necessary procedures.
Community Agencies
- Adult day support might provide an alternative option for families.
Community Service for Assistance
- Communicate with home care to ensure assistance with daily dressing changes
Importance of Community-Based Health Services
- Community-based services can help to prevent unnecessary and costly hospitalizations, ensure recovery at home, serve as an important element of primary health, and enable aging in place.
Efforts to Reduce Wait Times
- The Canadian Institute for Health Information, Canada Health Infoway, and Canadian Institutes for Health Research have made efforts to reduce wait times, reduce duplication of tests, and support coordination of care.
Non-Insured Services
- Some health services that are generally not covered under the publicly funded health care system include dental services, home care, medical transportation, medical equipment and appliances (i.e., wheelchairs, prostheses), and prescription drugs (outside of hospitals).
Human Resources Plan Factors
- A human resources plan should focus on working with aging nurses to transition them out of full-time work, allowing younger nurses to be mentored into their vacated positions, and increasing the number of nurses being educated.
Level of Care
- Referral to a physiotherapist is an example of Level 4: Rehabilitation.
Influence of Nursing
- Nursing has responded to the health care needs of society, which have been influenced over time by economic, social, and cultural factors.
Nursing and Indigenous Health Care
- Nurses were involved in the delivery of unequal health care to Indigenous peoples in Canada through colonial medicine, including through the Indian hospital system.
Nightingale Model
- The Nightingale model of nursing shaped the establishment of the first nursing schools in Canada in the late 1800s.
Nursing Education System
- The development of a system of nursing education in Canada emerged from the early nursing sisterhoods and from schools of nursing associated with hospitals.
Baccalaureate Entry-to-Practice
- Baccalaureate as an entry-to-practice requirement for nursing has been fully implemented in English-speaking Canada.
Basic Nursing Education
- Basic nursing education is acquired in college, collaborative college-university, or university programs.
Understanding Present-Day Issues
- History can provide the context needed to understand present-day issues in health care.
Indian Hospital System
- Indian hospitals were separate, underfunded, and inadequate facilities for Indigenous patients.
Motivation for Indian Hospital System
- The establishment of the Indian hospital system was motivated by preventing the spread of epidemic disease from Indigenous to settler communities.
Goal of Canadian Indigenous Nurses Association
- A primary goal is to improve health care for Indigenous peoples.
Community Health Nursing Practice
- A successful community health nursing practice involves building relationships with the community members and being responsive to changes within the community.
Public Health Nursing Practice
- The principles of public health nursing practice support assisting individuals in acquiring a healthy environment in which to live.
Community as a Whole
- The public health nurse cares for the community as a whole and considers the individual or family to be one member of a population or potential group at risk.
Home Health Nurse Competence
- The home health nurses competence is based on decision making at the level of the individual client and their family.
Ecological Model of Home Health Nursing
- Within an ecological model of home health nursing, the individual is viewed within the larger systems of family, social network, community, and society.
Primary Care Goals
- Collaborate in an interprofessional team, using a client-centered model to promote clients' health and management of illness, and their navigation of community resources.
Marginalized Individuals
- Marginalized individuals and their families are often made vulnerable by multiple forms of inequity.
Protective Capacities
- High-priority populations have capacities that can be protective and that should be recognized in any health promotion efforts.
Chronic Health Problems
- Exacerbations of chronic health problems are common among homeless people because they have access to fewer protective resources.
Client Protection
- An important principle in working with clients at risk for or who may have suffered abuse is protection of the client.
Harm-Reduction Approach
- Clients who engage in risky behaviors such as substance use may respond to a harm-reduction approach.
Health Maintenance
- It is important to understand what health means to clients and what clients do to maintain their own.
Community Health Nurse Role
- A community health nurse must be competent in fulfilling a multidimensional role, including engaging in communication, facilitation, leadership, advocacy consultation, collaboration, building capacity, building coalitions and networks, outreach, resource management, planning, and coordination; case management; care/counselling; referral and follow-up; screening; surveillance; responding to health threats; health education; community development; policy development and implementation; and research and evaluation activities.
Community Assessment
- Assessment of a community includes assessing population health status and relevant determinants of health in relation to three elements: locale or structure, the social systems, and the people.
Understanding Clients' Lives
- An important consideration in becoming an effective community health nurse is to strive to understand clients' lives.
Population Health Approach
- Action involves working with a small group of clients to design easy-to-read health promotion materials that are then distributed throughout the city.
Health Outcomes for Marginalized Persons
- Marginalized persons are likely to have poorer health outcomes because of poor access to care, and their risk factors may intersect and have cumulative effects on health.
Trauma-Informed Care
- Ensuring that individuals know that while the program has lots of options, it is the individual who decides what kind of help she wants.
- Asking questions in a nonjudgemental way, which makes the individual feel like an expert about her own body and drug use, making individuals more comfortable with answering the questions demonstrates the use of trauma-informed care.
Principles of Primary Health Care
- Collaborating with a vocational training agency and the shelter and meeting individuals at the shelter rather than at the health clinic demonstrate implementing the principles of primary health care.
Effective Community Health Nursing Practice
- Taking time to build relationships with and respond to trends in the community demonstrates effective community health nursing practice.
Community Nursing Activity
- The nurse working with the team and the small group of clients to create health promotion materials is an example of a nurse engaging in building coalitions and networks activity.
Coordination Activity
- Telling individuals about the vocational program that can help them prepare for getting a job is an example of a nurse engaging in coordination activity.
Community Assessment Components
- Locale or structure, social systems, and people should be included in a community assessment.
Community Health Nursing Intervention
- Provision of syringes, sterile water, and a tourniquet is an example of prevention intervention.
Cultural Humility
- A nurse demonstrates cultural humility when she is curious and open-minded about understanding substance use patterns and techniques.
Size of Nursing Groups
- Nursing is the largest single group of health care providers in Canada, and licensed practical nurses are the second largest nursing group.
Practical Nursing Recognition
- Practical nursing was recognized in the 1970s as a distinct profession that necessitates formal education.
Practical Nurse Education Programs
- Education programs for practical nurses have become longer and more complex and are now diploma programs that are offered in postsecondary institutions.
Differences Between Registered Nurses and Practical Nurses
- Registered nurses and practical nurses differ in the depth and breadth of their knowledge base
Licensed Practical Nurses
- Licensed practical nurses have a strong foundation in clinical practice, decision making, and critical thinking.
Nursing Practice Differentiation
- Competencies, rather than tasks, are useful in differentiating registered nursing and practical nursing practice and in optimizing practice.
Practical Nursing Settings
- Primarily involved in direct care, practical nurses work in a range of roles and in increasingly diverse settings.
Practical Nurse Practice
- Through legislation, licensed practical nurses have autonomous practice and are accountable for their own practice.
Guiding Practice of Practical Nurses
- The practice of practical nurses is guided not only by the scope of practice but also by their knowledge and skills, organizational policies and job descriptions, and practice standards.
Understanding Current Scopes of Practice for Licensed Practical Nurses
- Ongoing dialogue with organizations is necessary to create understanding about the current scopes of practice of licensed practical nurses, to optimize care, prevent frustration among practical nurses, and prevent their early departure from the profession.
Self-Regulation
- Self-regulation is a privilege that is entrusted to the regulatory bodies for the protection of the public interest, which includes ensuring that requirements for licensure and continuing competence are met.
Expectations of Practical Nurses
- Practical nurses are expected to continue professional growth and acquire a range of knowledge, skill, and judgement beyond that of minimal entry-level standards.
Considerations Within Practice
- Practice includes both interprofessional and interprofessional considerations.
Adapting Entry-Level practice
- Ongoing change in the health care system and crises such as pandemics require the practical nursing profession to continue to adapt entry-level practice competencies and scope of practice.
Importance of Understanding LPN Scope of Practice
- A lack of understanding can create gaps in the appropriate utilization of licensed practical nurse (LPN) knowledge and skills in patient care and can lead to underutilization, job dissatisfaction, and early departure from nursing.
Doubt About Starting Blood Transfusion
- Doubt may stem from a lack of full awareness of the current scope of practice for licensed practical nurses (LPNs), or being unaware of the LPN's skills and knowledge in a particular area.
Helpful Communication
- In a situation of uncertainty, it may be helpful to communicate - "I feel that you are hesitant about whether I should start the blood transfusion with my patient. Could you share your reasons with me?"
Factors Contributing to Inclusion of Procedures
- The need of health care systems for better preparation of licensed practical nurses (LPNs) and changes to the scope of practice for registered nurses (RNs) have contributed to the inclusion of specific procedures in basic preparation.
Individual Practice
- A relevant consideration about individual practice is how skills, knowledge, and judgement has been maintained in administration of blood products.
Review of Organizational Policies
- Next the registered nurse (RN) and the licensed practical nurse (LPN) will review organizational policies related to administration of blood, assuming that the patient is stable at this point.
Employer Steps
- The employer of Taylor and Michelle needs to consult with other health care providers and stakeholders regarding impacts of optimization, provide information and education to staff regarding current scopes of practice, consider the benefits to patients of licensed practical nurses (LPNs) administering blood products, and determine what models of nursing care will support optimization, to enable them to optimize their scope of practice.
Follow-Up Actions
- The follow-up needs to include calling the registered nurse (RN) immediately.
Pursuing Advanced Practice
- With advanced practice of perioperative nursing, completion of a certificate course in perioperative nursing would be pursued
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