Health Definitions and Determinants Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of population health research?

Studying health at the cellular level

Understanding health determinants in groups (correct)

Preventing disease in individual patients

Diagnosing individual health issues

Which term refers to the factors that influence health status?

Preventive measures

Clinical research

Health outcomes

Determinants of health (correct)

What is the last step in the research process as described?

Select a general study approach

Analyze data

Communicate results and implications (correct)

Determine the research question

What best describes the WHO's definition of health?

Physical, mental, and social well-being Signup and view all the answers

Which type of research is primarily concerned with clinical questions about individual health?

Clinical research Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'to determine' primarily relate to in the context of health?

To influence or control health status Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect is NOT included in the definition of health provided by WHO?

Complete physical fitness Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best represents the main purpose of health research?

To investigate health determinants and outcomes Signup and view all the answers

What are the key components of formulating a research question focused on exposure, disease, and population?

Exposure, disease, population Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes 'concept mapping' in the context of brainstorming?

A visual representation to organize ideas and show their relationships Signup and view all the answers

What is a crucial goal of brainstorming possible research questions?

To generate a long list of spontaneous ideas for understanding issues Signup and view all the answers

In the PICOT framework, what does the 'C' stand for?

Comparison group Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following constitutes an example of 'exposure' in health-related research?

Daily stress levels of individuals Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect makes a question suitable for framing a research project?

It addresses a specific and well-defined question. Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important for research questions to be testable?

They can be answered using developed health research methods. Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean for research findings to be generalizable?

Results can be applied beyond the study population to contribute to broader scientific knowledge. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a key question for refining a study question?

What marketing strategies can be used for the research? Signup and view all the answers

What best describes the study goal in a research project?

The single overarching objective of the research project. Signup and view all the answers

What is a fundamental criterion for a good research question?

It needs to be purposeful and specific. Signup and view all the answers

What should researchers consider regarding the significance of the problem being studied?

It should address a previously acknowledged gap in knowledge. Signup and view all the answers

What role does innovation play in the context of a research project?

It aims to offer new solutions to previously identified problems. Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical number of specific aims found in most studies in the health sciences?

Three Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a good specific objective according to the SMART criteria?

Ambiguous Signup and view all the answers

What term describes a set of established models in literature that informs new research?

Theoretical Framework Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of creating a conceptual model for a research study?

To illustrate relationships between factors Signup and view all the answers

In the context of research objectives, what distinguishes independent objectives from sequential objectives?

They can be achieved independently of each other. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

WHO Definition of Health

A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

Health Determinants

Biological, behavioral, social, environmental, political, and other factors that influence the health status of individuals and populations.
Determine means to cause, affect, or control, to give direction or tendency to, or to impel.
Personal determinants of health are outlined in HS1002A.
Social determinants of health are outlined in HS1002B.

Health Research

Investigates health and disease and how factors contribute to the presence or absence of physical, mental, and social health among individuals, families, communities, nations, or the world population.

Types of Health Research

Clinical research evaluates the best ways to prevent, diagnose, and treat adverse health issues affecting individuals and families.
Population health research focuses on health outcomes and determinants of health in populations.
Biological (basic medical) research looks at changes at the human cellular level related to health outcomes.

The Research Process

A process of systematically and carefully investigating a subject to discover new insights.
Includes five steps:
Identify a study question.
Select a general study approach.
Design the study and collect data.
Analyze data.
Write and share a report about the findings.

Brainstorming the Research Question

The process of generating lists of spontaneous ideas about possible research questions.
Sources include: personal experiences, knowledge acquired from coursework, clinical or public health practice, and informal reading about subjects of interest.
Questions should be clear, practical, and focused, using who, where, when, what, why, and how often.
Goals include: understanding the issue, needs assessments, program evaluations, clinical effectiveness studies, and other types of health-related research.
Concept mapping is a visual listing of ideas and grouping them to reveal relationships.

Focusing the Question on Exposure, Disease, and Population (EDP)

"Is [exposure] related to [disease/outcome] in [population]?"
Exposure is a personal characteristic, behavior, environmental encounter, or intervention that might change the likelihood of developing a health condition.
Outcome is an observed event such as the presence of disease in a participant in an observational study or the measured endpoint in an experimental study.
Population is a group of individuals, communities, or organizations with identifiable similar characteristics.

Standard of Health Research: PICOT

A framework for developing research questions to help ensure the question is well structured and relevant.
- Patient (or Population) group and Problem that will be studied
- Intervention that will be tested
- Comparison
- Control group
- Outcome of interest
- Timeframe for follow-up.
Can generate evidence and be used for interventions.

Characteristics of a Good Research Question

A real question that is not a value statement.
Testable using currently developed health research methods.
Generalizable beyond the study population so that research findings advance science.
Purposeful designed to answer one well-defined and specific research question.

Refining the Study Question

Consider:
What is the one well-defined research question the study will answer?
What specific aims, objectives, or hypotheses will enable the key question to be answered?
Would a conceptual framework be helpful for guiding the design, analysis, and interpretation of the study and its results?
Is the proposed study feasible? Is there a high likelihood that the research team will be able to answer the study’s main research question?

Study Goal

The single overarching objective of a research project or the main question that a research project seeks to answer.

Conceptualization of the Study Goal

Consider:
What is the one key question that this study will answer?
What is already known about the research topic? What is the gap or limitation in knowledge that needs to be addressed?
What is the significance of the problem that the study will address?
What will be innovative about the research project? How will the study resolve the current gap or limitation in knowledge?
What is the likely impact of this research project? If the study is successful, how will it help advance health in relevant populations?

Specific Objectives

Carefully described actions that will help the researcher make progress toward achieving the big-picture goal.
Most studies have two to four specific aims.
Enumerated items are in the form of a question or a "to" statement using an action verb.
Can take the form of hypotheses to be tested in experimental studies.
Can be sequential (chronological actions) or independent (related but independent objectives).

Characteristics of a Good Specific Objective (Aim)

SMART
Specific
Measurable
Attainable (or Achievable)
Relevant (or Realistic)
Timely (or Time-bound)

Theoretical Frameworks

A set of established models in the published literature used to inform a new research study.
Used to:
Organize thoughts
Explore determinant/health relationships systematically
Guide analysis
Identify modifiable factors for intervention

Conceptual Model

A model that a researcher sketches to illustrate the relationships evaluated during a study.

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Description

This quiz explores the World Health Organization's definition of health and the various determinants that impact individual and population health. It covers topics like biological, behavioral, and social factors that influence health outcomes. Ideal for students and health professionals who want to deepen their understanding of health research.