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Questions and Answers
What is another term for Healthcare Associated Infections (HAIs)?
What type of infections occur in patients attending hospital or any health care facility for medical service?
What is the meaning of the Greek word 'nosus'?
Who can acquire Nosocomial infections?
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What is an example of an endogenous source of infection?
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What is an example of an exogenous source of infection?
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What is a form of transmission of HAIs?
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What is an example of a hospital environment source of infection?
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What is the primary mode of transmission of healthcare-associated infections?
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What is the primary goal of surveillance in healthcare-associated infections?
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What is the most effective measure for preventing healthcare-associated infections?
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What is the role of the infection control committee in preventing healthcare-associated infections?
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What is an example of a common community infection that may also occur in healthcare facilities?
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What is the primary goal of chemoprophylaxis in preventing healthcare-associated infections?
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What is the role of administrative regulations in preventing healthcare-associated infections?
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What is included in the standard precautions for preventing healthcare-associated infections?
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Study Notes
Health Care Associated Infection (HAIS)
- Health care associated infections (HAIs) are infections that occur when attending a hospital or any health care facility to receive medical services.
- HAIs were previously termed nosocomial infections or hospital-associated infections.
Definition and Sources of Infection
- HAIs can be defined as infections acquired by a person in the hospital, which may manifest during hospitalization or after discharge.
- The person may be a patient, hospital staff member, or visitor.
- Sources of infection can be endogenous (direct) or exogenous (indirect).
- Endogenous infections are caused by organisms present as part of normal flora of the patient.
- Exogenous infections are caused by organisms acquired through exposure to hospital personnel, medical devices, or the hospital environment.
Modes of Transmission
- Modes of transmission include:
- Contact/hand-borne (most common)
- Injection and inhalation
- Foodborne and arthropod (occasional modes)
Causative Organisms
- No specific information on causative organisms, but mentioned as an important aspect of HAIs.
Forms of HAIs
- Forms of HAIs include:
- Blood-borne viral infections (HBV, HCV, HIV)
- Common community infections (e.g. influenza, diarrhea)
Prevention of HAIs
- Prevention measures include:
- Effective infection control committee
- Measures for healthcare providers:
- Being free of infection
- Protection by active immunization
- Management of occupational exposure to infection
- Education and training on standard precautions
- Standard precautions:
- Hand hygiene
- Use of personal protective equipment
- Safe injection practices
- Safe handling of potentially contaminated equipment or surfaces
- Respiratory hygiene/cough etiquette
- Surveillance of HAIs through active surveillance and early case finding
- Sanitary environment
- Sterilization and asepsis
- Chemoprophylaxis
- Administrative regulations
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