Healthcare Quiz: Immune System & Infections
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Questions and Answers

Healthcare-associated infections are only acquired in hospitals.

False (B)

Which of these is NOT a component of the first line of defense of the immune system?

  • Skin
  • Mucus
  • Earwax
  • Antibodies (correct)

    • The process of ______ destroys all microbes and their endospores.

    sterilization

    Match the type of infection with its definition.

    <p>Systemic = Involves the whole body with generalized signs and symptoms Opportunistic = Infections that occur when the body's defense is weak Healthcare-Associated = Unrelated to a patient’s current illness and acquired in a healthcare facility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of the lymphatic system?

    <p>The lymphatic system absorbs leaked fluid from the capillaries, removes bacteria and virus infected cells from body tissues, and helps activate the immune system using lymph nodes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of PPE used for medical asepsis?

    <p>Scrubs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Disinfection is a higher level of decontamination than sterilization.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Natural killer (NK) cells are part of the specific immune response.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the difference between an outbreak, an epidemic, and a pandemic.

    <p>An outbreak is a sudden increase in cases in a small area. An epidemic is a widespread occurrence of a disease in a city or region. A pandemic is a global epidemic, spreading across countries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a component of the third line of defense?

    <p>Antibodies (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ is a specialized immune cell that can differentiate into plasma cells or memory B cells.

    <p>B lymphocyte (B cell)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The thymus gland is a major component of both the lymphatic and immune systems.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an autoimmune disorder?

    <p>An autoimmune disorder occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own healthy cells and tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of PPE is specifically required for airborne droplet transmission?

    <p>HEPA filter mask (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The inflammatory response is a non-specific immune response.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ system is a part of the body's defense system that works to break down and destroy pathogens.

    <p>immune</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a component of the objective section of a SOAP note?

    <p>Vital signs measurements (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A person with blood type A+ can donate blood to a person with blood type B-.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between a regulatory college and a professional association in healthcare?

    <p>Regulatory colleges are government-mandated bodies that ensure healthcare professionals meet specific standards, while professional associations are voluntary organizations providing support and resources to their members.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a way to break the chain of infection at the 'Portal of Exit' stage?

    <p>Disinfecting surfaces (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ section of a SOAP note includes the doctor's assessment and diagnosis.

    <p>Assessment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following blood types with their corresponding antigens and antibodies:

    <p>A+ = A antigens, Rh antigen, B antibodies B- = B antigens, Rh antibodies, A antibodies AB+ = A and B antigens, Rh antigen, No antibodies O- = No antigens, Rh antibodies, A and B antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Prions are considered living organisms.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which antibiotic resistance develops in bacteria?

    <p>Spontaneous mutations in bacterial DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of tissue that can be donated?

    <p>Liver (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The transfer of antibiotic-resistant genes between bacterial species is called ______.

    <p>conjugation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Informed consent requires a patient to fully understand the nature of their illness, the proposed treatment, its risks, and potential alternatives.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of precaution should be taken for a patient infected with a highly contagious airborne illness?

    <p>Airborne precautions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe medical negligence when a healthcare practitioner fails to exercise ordinary care, resulting in harm to a patient?

    <p>Malpractice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A patient with Rh- blood can only receive blood from a donor with Rh- blood, except in a rare instance where they may receive Rh+ blood ______.

    <p>once</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Overuse of antibiotics in livestock farming can contribute to antibiotic resistance in humans.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the characteristics of the subjective section of a SOAP note?

    <p>Information provided directly by the patient (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one way to prevent the spread of infection at the 'Mode of Transmission' stage.

    <p>Wearing proper PPE (e.g., masks, gloves)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the microorganisms with their respective treatments:

    <p>Bacteria = Antibiotics Viruses = Antiviral medications Fungi = Antifungal medications Prions = Palliative care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ is the number one way to break the chain of infection.

    <p>handwashing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common characteristic of viruses?

    <p>They can reproduce on their own. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following screening tests should be performed annually for individuals over the age of 65?

    <p>Vision exam (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fungi can reproduce both sexually and asexually.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A self-breast exam should be performed by adult women of all ages once a month.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a multi-resistant organism (MRO) and why is it a concern in healthcare facilities?

    <p>A multi-resistant organism (MRO) is a bacteria that is resistant to multiple antibiotics. They are a concern in healthcare facilities because they are difficult to treat, can cause severe infections, and can be fatal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended frequency for prostate cancer screening for men over 50 years old?

    <p>Annually</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following practices could contribute to the development of antibiotic resistance?

    <p>Using antibiotics for viral infections (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The [BLANK] test is used to screen for cervical cancer.

    <p>Pap</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A local infection is confined to one specific area of the body.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the screening test with its recommended frequency:

    <p>Fit test = Every 2 years, 50-74 years old Mammogram = Every 2 years, 50-74 years old Self-breast exam = Monthly Pap test = Every 3 years, starting at age 21 or when sexually active</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Droplet precautions are used for illnesses spread through ______ that travel up to 6 feet.

    <p>respiratory droplets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a factor that can make individuals more susceptible to infections?

    <p>Living in a clean environment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT covered by OHIP?

    <p>Dental screening (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All newborns are screened for hearing.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two primary diagnostic methods for identifying diseases?

    <p>Screening tests and diagnostic tests</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A [BLANK] is a common diagnostic method used to detect fractures and lung infections.

    <p>X-ray</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic method is best for imaging soft tissues like the brain and spinal cord?

    <p>MRI (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fluoroscopy involves continuous X-ray exposure and is used primarily for static conditions.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a complete blood count (CBC)?

    <p>Identifying infections, anemia, clotting issues, and general health monitoring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A [BLANK] is a non-invasive test used to assess lung function.

    <p>Spirometry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diagnostic methods is best for monitoring pregnancies?

    <p>Ultrasound (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A PET scan is a diagnostic method that uses radioactive tracers to detect metabolic changes in the body.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors can influence a person's blood pressure?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A normal respiration rate falls between 12-22 breaths per minute.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What medical term describes a low blood pressure reading?

    <p>Hypotension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A fast heart rate above 100 beats per minute is called ______.

    <p>Tachycardia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their corresponding definitions:

    <p>Hyperthermia = Temperature above 99°F/37.2°C Protozoa = Single-celled heterotrophs that consume organic matter Helminths = Multicellular parasitic worms Hypothermia = Temperature below 97°F/36.1°C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Vital Signs

    • Normal Values:

      • Blood Pressure (BP): 100-120/60-80 mmHg (standing)
      • Heart Rate (HR): 60-100 beats per minute (BPM)
      • Respiration Rate (RR): 12-22 breaths per minute
      • Temperature: 97°F/36.1°C - 99°F/37.2°C
      • Blood Oxygen Saturation: 95-100%

    • Factors Affecting Values:

      • Diet
      • Age
      • Lifestyle (exercise, smoking, drug use)
      • Weight
      • Physical trauma
      • Illness
      • Stress/mental health
      • Past medical history

    • Abnormal Values Terminology:

      • Hypertension: High blood pressure
      • Hypotension: Low blood pressure
      • Tachycardia: Fast heart rate (over 100 BPM)
      • Bradycardia: Slow heart rate (under 60 BPM)
      • Tachypnea: Fast breathing rate (over 22 breaths/minute)
      • Bradypnea: Slow breathing rate (under 12 breaths/minute)
      • Fever: Temperature over 100.4°F/38°C (often due to infection/illness)
      • Hyperthermia: Temperature exceeding 99°F/37.2°C
      • Hypothermia: Temperature below 97°F/36.1°C
      • Hypoxemia: Blood oxygen saturation below 95%

    Microorganisms

    • Protozoa (Protists):

      • Single-celled, heterotrophic (consume organic material).
      • Live in moist environments.
      • Reproduce asexually (binary fission).
      • Can be pathogenic (causing disease) or non-pathogenic.
      • May be found in decayed materials, contaminated water.
      • Move using flagella, cilia, or amoeboid motion.

    • Helminths:

      • Multicellular, heterotrophic invertebrates.
      • Develop through egg and larval stages.
      • Can be parasitic or non-parasitic.
      • Infections might be asymptomatic or persist for years.
      • Reproduce sexually.

    • Fungi:

      • Heterotrophic (feed on dead organic matter).
      • Reproduce asexually (spores) and/or sexually.
      • Can be unicellular or multicellular.
      • Found in environments like air, soil, water, plants, and the human body.
      • Some are helpful (e.g., in food production), others harmful (especially for those with weakened immune systems).

    • Prions:

      • Not living; misfolded proteins.
      • Extremely rare, fatal neurological diseases.
      • Do not reproduce (no replication).

    • Viruses:

      • Non-living; rely on hosts for replication.
      • Contain genetic material (DNA or RNA).
      • Require host cells to reproduce.

    • Treatment (General):

      • Protozoa: Antiparasitic medications.
      • Helminths: Antiparasitic/antifungal/antibiotic medications.
      • Fungi: Antifungal medications (spray, creams, oral).
      • Prions: Symptom management (e.g., antidepressants, pain relievers); palliative care.
      • Viruses: Optimizing the immune system (hydration, rest, pain relievers).
      • Bacteria: Antibiotics, rest, fluids, pain/fever management, good nutrition.

    Antibiotic Resistance and MROs

    • Antibiotic resistance occurs due to bacterial DNA mutations (leading to changes in proteins that deactivate antibiotics), or conjugation (sharing resistance genes between species).
    • MROs (Multi-drug-resistant organisms) are bacteria resistant to multiple antibiotics. They are difficult to treat and pose significant health threats.
    • Causes of resistance:
      • Overuse of antibiotics in humans (over-prescription, incorrect use, pressure from patients).
      • Overuse in livestock and fisheries.
      • Patients not completing antibiotic courses.
      • Improper disposal of unused antibiotics.
      • Poor infection control standards.
      • Lack of new antibiotic development.
    • Prevention strategies:
      • Reduce unnecessary antibiotic use.
      • Proper hand hygiene.
      • Preventing misuse in livestock management.
      • Ensure complete antibiotic courses are taken.
      • Correct disposal of unused antibiotics.
      • Improve infection control in healthcare settings.
      • Funding research for new antibiotics.

    Chain of Infection

    • Chain of Infection Links:
      • Pathogen: Disease-causing microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, parasites, fungi, prions).
      • Reservoir: A host where the pathogen lives (human, animal, soil, water, surfaces).
      • Portal of Exit: How the pathogen leaves the reservoir (body openings, breaks in skin/mucous membranes).
      • Mode of Transmission: How the pathogen moves from exit to new host (contact, droplet, airborne, fomite, vector-borne).
      • Portal of Entry: How the pathogen enters a new host (body openings, breaks).
      • Susceptible Host: A host vulnerable to the pathogen (due to age, health status, medical devices).
    • Breaking the Chain: Interrupt any link in the chain to prevent infection.
    • Key Prevention: Hand hygiene, sterilization, appropriate PPE.

    Standard Precautions

    • Types of isolation:

      • Contact: Infections spread through physical contact. Often requires private rooms (or 6ft separation).
      • Droplet: Diseases spread via droplets (travel up to 6 feet). Usually includes a mask and gown.
      • Airborne: Airborne pathogens (travel farther). Requires private rooms, N95 masks, and negative air pressure.

    • Infection Classifications:

      • Local: Infection confined to a specific area.
      • Systemic: Infection spreads throughout the body.
      • Healthcare-associated: Acquired in a healthcare setting.
      • Opportunistic: Infection occurs when the immune system is compromised.

    Medical and Surgical Asepsis

    • Medical Asepsis: "Clean technique." Practices that reduce the number of pathogens to prevent spread. Hand hygiene, PPE (gloves, gowns, masks), and decontamination of equipment.

    • Decontamination Levels:

      • Cleaning/Sanitization: Reduces microbes (dirt, secretions). Frequent cleaning for reusable equipment.
      • Disinfection: Destroys most pathogens (not endospores). Chemicals used on reusable items.
      • Sterilization: Destroys all microorganisms (even endospores). High temperatures, chemicals, or steam used for items that enter the body.

    • Surgical Asepsis: "Sterile technique." Free of all microbes, required for procedures involving skin or sterile tissues. Only sterile items touch sterile items; treat everything that might be contaminated as contaminated.

    PPE for Transmission-Based Precautions

    • Contact: Gown, Gloves
    • Droplet: Mask, Gown, Gloves
    • Airborne: N95 respirator, Gown, Gloves, Eye protection

    Outbreak vs. Epidemic vs. Pandemic

    • Outbreak: Sudden increase in cases in a small area.
    • Epidemic: Rapid spread of disease within a city or region.
    • Pandemic: Widespread spread across countries.

    Outbreak Management

    • General Public: Infection control, education, communication, vaccinations.
    • Healthcare Facilities: Cleaning/decontamination, isolating patients, limiting movement.

    Lymphatic and Immune Systems

    • Lymphatic System: Vessels, lymph fluid, lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, tonsils.

    • Immune System: Bone marrow, antibodies, skin. (Shared with lymphatic system: Thymus, spleen.)

    • Lymph Function: Drains excess fluid, filters out pathogens, activates immune system.

    • Immune Defense Lines:

      • First Line: Physical/chemical barriers (skin, mucus, stomach acid) and resident microorganisms.
      • Second Line: Non-specific defenses (inflammation, phagocytes, fever, interferons, complement system).
      • Third Line: Specific defenses (T cells, B cells, antibodies, immunological memory).
      • Shared components: macrophages are active in both second and third line.

    • Immune Types:

      • Specific vs. Non-Specific: Specific immunity targets particular pathogens; non-specific mechanisms provide general protection.
      • Types of Adaptive Immunity: Natural (exposure to the pathogen) and artificial (vaccination) adaptive immunity; cytotoxic T cells are part of cell-mediated immunity.

    • Inflammation: General signs and symptoms (redness, swelling, heat, pain), triggered to isolate or destroy injuries or pathogens.

    • Autoimmune Disorder: Misdirected immune response where the body attacks own cells.

    • Antigen vs Antibody: Antigenic is foreign molecule that triggers an immune response; antibody is an immune protein that targets specific antigens.

    • Adaptive Immunity Types: Natural (exposure to pathogen) and artificially created (vaccination).

    Diagnostic and Preventative Medicine

    • Screening Tests:

      • Annual physical exam, colorectal cancer screening, mammograms, self-breast exams, pap tests, prostate cancer screening, testicular self-exams, osteoporosis screening, vision exams, dental hygiene, skin cancer screenings, TB screening, cognitive impairment.

    • Importance of Screening: Early detection of diseases to improve treatment options and outcomes.

    • Diagnostic Methods:

      • Blood tests (CBC, urinalysis), X-rays, fluoroscopy, CT scans, MRI, PET scans, ultrasound, ECG, spirometry.

    Regulation of Healthcare

    • Regulatory Colleges: Government-regulated groups that oversee licensing, ethical conduct, and standards of practice.
    • Professional Associations: Organizations that provide continuing education, professional development, insurance, and advocacy.

    SOAP Notes

    • SOAP format:
      • Subjective: Patient's reported symptoms, history.
      • Objective: Measurable, observable data (vital signs, lab results).
      • Assessment: Diagnosis, clinical impression.
      • Plan: Proposed treatment, next steps.

    Blood Typing

    • Blood Types (with Rh):

      • A+ : A antigens, B antibodies, Rh antigen
      • A- : A antigens, B antibodies, Rh antibodies
      • B+ : B antigens, A antibodies, Rh antigen
      • B- : B antigens, A antibodies, Rh antibodies
      • AB+ : A & B antigens, no antibodies, Rh antigen
      • AB- : A & B antigens, no antibodies, Rh antibodies
      • O+ : No A or B antigens, A & B antibodies, Rh antigen
      • O- : No A or B antigens, A & B antibodies, Rh antibodies

    • Blood Donation Compatibility:

      • Recipient blood type dictates who can donate.
      • Important rule in blood transfusions: Recipients can only receive blood with matching antigens; receiving incompatible blood can be fatal. Rh-negative individuals can receive only Rh-negative blood (except in life-threatening situations, where + blood is accepted ONLY ONCE).

    Organ Donation

    • Donatable Tissues/Organs: Cornea, skin, islet cells of pancreas, cardiovascular tissue, connective tissue; lungs, kidneys, liver, heart, pancreas, and small intestine.

    Medical Ethics

    • Malpractice: Negligence that results in harm.
    • Informed Consent: The patient's voluntary agreement to undergo a procedure after receiving adequate information about risks, benefits, and alternatives. (This includes minors requiring a legal guardian's signature).

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on healthcare-associated infections, the immune system's first and third lines of defense, and the roles of the lymphatic system. This quiz covers critical concepts including immunity, PPE for medical settings, and the definitions of outbreaks, epidemics, and pandemics.

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